voltage-controlled oscillator

VCO also has a connection for an external induction coil for use in showing how magnetically induced voltages can vary the audio frequency output. The audio output of the VCO can also be varied between 500 Hz and 5 KHz by means of a potentiometer. To view schematics of the VCO in Adobe Acrobat format click on the links below.

The VCO is powered off of two nine volt batteries connected in series. Circuit common is tapped off of the junction between the two batteries which results in +9VDC and +9VDC supplies for the VCO. The power supplies are regulated to +5VDC and -5VDC supplies that are used by the MAX038 chip. The unregulated +9VDC supply is used by LM386 audio amplifier and LM555 timer chip. The W172DIP-141 reed relay chip also uses the +5VDC supply for its coil voltage.

voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is a frequency-varying oscillation circuit that changes its output frequency according to an external voltage. The varying range of the frequency is determined according to its purposes. A typical voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) generates an output signal oscillating at a frequency determined in accordance with a voltage supplied from an external unit. A VCO employs one or more variable capacitors (varactors) to allow for adjustment of the frequency of oscillation for the VCO. Voltage controlled oscillators mainly produce high frequency signals. The frequency of these high frequency signals generally depends upon the capacitive value of a resonant circuit.

READ MORE - voltage-controlled oscillator

PIN AND FUNCTION DATA ON TELEVISION 2010 Flyback

PIN AND FUNCTION DATA ON TELEVISION 2010 Flyback

** TV SHARP

F 0102KM-SA
F 093PEN1-SA
JF 0501-3261
BSC 26-263
C/B+/Gnd/24v/16v/Afc/180v/Gnd/Heater/Abl
=========================
*pada TV GOLDSTAR

154-064P
15g-177B
FCK-14B047
C/180v/B+/Gnd/16v/24v/Abl/Heater/A
=========================
K 148 TC
C/180v/B+/Gnd/Afc/16v/Abl/Heater/Nc/Nc
=========================
FCG 2045 BL
Afc/16,5v/Heater/Boost-up/B+/83v/Gnd/Nc/C/Abl/175v/24v
=========================
DCF 2217J
C/B+/Bosot-up/16,5v/24v/Abl/Gnd/200v/Heater/
=========================
FSA 16012M
DCF 2077A
DCF 1577
C/B+/Afc/Boos-up/16,5u/Abl/+-a5v/Gnd/185v/Heater
=========================
* TV SANSUI

JF 0601-19577
C/B+/180V/16V/25V/Heater/Gnd/Abl/Afc/Nc
=========================
*pada TV Politron

JF 0601-19577
C/B+/Gnd/200v/Nc/Heater/Nc/Abl/+12v/-12v
=========================
* TV Digitec/Politron

FCK 14A006
FCM 2015HE
FCM 14A032
C/B+/Abl/24v/Heater/16v/180v/Gnd/Nc/Abl
=========================
* TV Politron

FCM 20B061N
C/B+/Gnd/185v/Nc/Heater/Nc/Abl/+12v/-12
=========================
* TV Akari

FUY-20C009
C/180V/B+/Gnd/Nc/24v/Nc/Abl/Heater/Afc
=========================
* TV Changhong

BSC 65A
C/B+/190v/Gnd/Nc/Nc/14,5v/Abl/Heater/Afc
=========================
* pada TV Intel

154-132A
154-123c
C/40v/16,5v/Heater/Gnd/B+/180v/Gnd/Abl/40v
=========================
FCK 14111 L01
FCM 14A025
C/Boost-up/Abl/B+/Gnd/180v/24v/Heater/Afc/16,5v
=========================
154 189H
154 2777C
FCM 20B027
C/B+/180v/ 16v/24v/Heater/Gnd/Abl/Afc/Nc
=========================
MC-FBC-015
LCE CF0854
C/B+/Gnd/Afc/185v/Heater/25v/15v/Gnd/Abl
=========================
* TV Samsung

FSV-20A001
FCK-14A033
FSV-14A001
C/B+/125v/Abl/Nc/Gnd/185v/46v/Heater/Nc/16,5v
=========================
* TV SamsunG

FTK-14A00P
C/B+/125v/Abl/Nc/Gnd/180v/24v/Heater/Afc/16,5v
=========================
* TV Sony kv-PG-21P70

8-598-858-00
8-598-811
C/B+/135v/200v/Heater/Gnd/-16v(vertikal/Gnd (verikal/+16,5/vertikal/Nc/Abl
=========================
*pada TV Sony KV-G21P1

8-598-960-00
C/B+/115V/200v/Heater/Gnd/-13v/Gnd/+15v/Nc/Abl
=========================
* TV Thosiba

TFB 4125 DY
TFB 4125 HY
C/B+/180v/Gnd/Nc/25v/12v/Abl/Heater/Afc
=========================
BSC 22-01-06
BSC 25-48
BSC 25-4803
BSC 24-01N362
C/B+/Nc/Afc//Gnd/Heter/Abl/Nc
=========================
* TV Cina

BSC 24-01N4014K
BSC 25-T1010A
BSC 25-09N21A
BSC 25-05N2110A
BSC 25-09N20E
C/Tep/B+/Tep/Tep/Gnd/Heater/Abl/180v
=========================
* TV Konka K21697C

BSC 25-2678S
C/200v/B+/Gnd/Afc/16v/Abl/Heater/Nc/Nc
=========================
* TV CINA 29

JY0301-0206
C/B+/Nc/Afc/Gnd/Heater/Abl/Tep/Tep/Tep/Tep
=========================
* TV Goldstar

154-064P
154-177B
FCK-14B047
C _ 180v _ B+ _ Gnd _ 16v _ 24v _ 40v _ Abl _ Heater _ Afc
==========================
F 0101KM-SA
F 0141 PE-M
C _ B+ _ Gnd _ 24v _ 16v _ Afc _ 180v _ Gnd _ Heater _ Abl
==========================
K 148 TC
C - 180v _ B+ - Gnd _ Afc _ 16v _ Abl _ Heater _ Nc _ Nc
==========================
FCG 2045 BL
Afc - 16,5v _ Heater _ Boost-up _ B+83v _ Gnd _ Nc _ C _ Abl _ 175v _ 24v
==========================
FSA 16012M
DCF 2077A
DCF 1577
FSA 16012M
C - B+ - Afc _ Boost-up _ 16,5 _ Abl _ 25v _ Gnd _ 185v _Heater
==========================
* TV sansui

JF 0501-1206
C _ B+ _ 180v _ 16v _ 25v _ Heater _ Gnd _ Abl _ Afc _ Nc
==========================
* TV politron

JF0601-19577
C_B+_gnd_200v_nc_Ht_nc_abl_+12_-12
==========================
* TV digitec, polytron

FCK 14A006
FCM 2015HE
FCM 14A032
C _ B+ _ Abl _ 24v _ Heater _ 16v _ 180v _ Gnd _ Nc _ Abl
==========================
* TV politron

FCM-20B061N
c_B+_gnd_185_nc_Ht_Nc_abl_+12_-12
===========================
* TV AKARI

FUY-20C009
C_180_B+_gnd_nc_24_nc_abl_Ht_afc
===========================
* TV changhong

BSC 65A
C _ B+ _ 190v _ Gnd _ Nc _ Nc _ 14,5v _ Abl _ Heater _ Afc
===========================
* tv intel

154 - 132A
154 - 132C
C _ 40v _ 16,5 _ Heater _ Gnd _ B+ _ 180v _ Gnd _ Abl _40v
===========================
FCK 1411 L 01
FCM 14A025
C _ Boost-up _ Abl _ B+ _ Gnd _ 180v _ 24V _ Heater _ Afc _ 16,5v
===========================
154 189H
154 277C
FCM 20B027
C _ B+ _ 180v _ 16v _ 24v _ Heater _ Gnd _ Abl _ Afc _ Nc
===========================
MC - FBC-015
LCE CF0854
C _ B+ _ Gnd _ Afc _ 185 _ Heater _ 25 _ 15 _ Gnd _ Abl
===========================
* TV samsung

FSV - 20A001
FCK - 14A033
FSV - 14A001
C _ B+125v _ Abl _ Nc _ Gnd _ 185 _ 46 _ Heater _ Nc _ 16,5
===========================
* TV samsung

FTK-14A004P
C_B+125v_ABL_ Nc_ Gnd_ 180v_24v_Ht_afc_16,5
===========================
* TV toshiba

TFB 4125 DY
TFB 4125 HY
C _ B+ _ 180 _ Gnd _ Nc _ 26v _ 12v _ Abl _ Heater _ Afc
===========================
BSC 22-01-06
BSC 25-48
BSC 25-4803
BSC 24-01N362
C _ B+ _ Nc _ afc _ gnd _ Heater _abl _ nc
===========================
BSC25-2678S konka K2169TC
C_200v_B+_ gnd_afc_16v_abl_ht_nc_nc
===========================
JY0301-0206 tv china 29
C_B+_nc_afc_gnd_HT_abl_tep_tep_tep
===========================
DCF 2217J
C _ B+ _ afc _ boost-up _ 16,5 _ 24 _ abl _ gnd _ 200v _ heater
===========================

F0101 KM-SA sharp 14R20
F0102 KM-SA sharp 20R20B, 20R200, 51R200
C_B+_GND_24V_16V_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
FA122WJ-B
C_B+(130V)_GND_24V_NC_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
F094
FA061 WJ-SA sharp 51X200
C_B+(130V)_GND_24V_12V_AFC_185V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
F0122 PE-M sharp 20Q250
C_B+_24V_16V_NC_AFC_GND_HT_180V_ABL
===========================
F0147
C_B+_GND_24V_16V_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
F0194 PEN1-SA sharp 20R200MKII, 51U200, 20W200
F2037 PE-B sharp 20AG2-S
C_B+_GND_40V_16V_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
FA011 WJ-B sharp
C_B+_GND_24V_16V_AFC_180V_NC_HT_ABL
===========================
FA060 WJ-SA sharp 14S20MKII
C_B+_CND_NC_12V_AFC(-12V)_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
FA113 WJ-B sharp 51DXF250E
C_B+_GND_24V_NC_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
F0193 PEN1-SA sharp 14U15
C_B+(115)_GND_40V_12V_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
F0101 KM-SA sharp 14R20
F0102 KM-SA sharp 20R20B, 20R200, 51R200
C_B+_GND_24V_16V_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
FA122WJ-B
C_B+(130V)_GND_24V_NC_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
F094
FA061 WJ-SA sharp 51X200
C_B+(130V)_GND_24V_12V_AFC_185V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
F0122 PE-M sharp 20Q250
C_B+_24V_16V_NC_AFC_GND_HT_180V_ABL
===========================
F0147
C_B+_GND_24V_16V_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
F0194 PEN1-SA sharp 20R200MKII, 51U200, 20W200
F2037 PE-B sharp 20AG2-S
C_B+_GND_40V_16V_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
FA011 WJ-B sharp
C_B+_GND_24V_16V_AFC_180V_NC_HT_ABL
===========================
FA060 WJ-SA sharp 14S20MKII
C_B+_CND_NC_12V_AFC(-12V)_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
FA113 WJ-B sharp 51DXF250E
C_B+_GND_24V_NC_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
F0193 PEN1-SA sharp 14U15
C_B+(115)_GND_40V_12V_AFC_180V_GND_HT_ABL
===========================
154-064P Goldstar
154-177B
FCK-14B047
C _ 180v _ B+ _ Gnd _ 16v _ 24v _ 40v _ Abl _ Heater _ Afc
===========================
F 0101KM-SA
F 0141 PE-M
C _ B+ _ Gnd _ 24v _ 16v _ Afc _ 180v _ Gnd _ Heater _ Abl
===========================
K 148 TC
C - 180v _ B+ - Gnd _ Afc _ 16v _ Abl _ Heater _ Nc _ Nc
===========================
FCG 2045 BL
Afc - 16,5v _ Heater _ Boost-up _ B+83v _ Gnd _ Nc _ C _ Abl _ 175v _ 24v
===========================
FSA 16012M
DCF 2077A
DCF 1577
FSA 16012M
C - B+ - Afc _ Boost-up _ 16,5 _ Abl _ 25v _ Gnd _ 185v _Heater
===========================
JF 0501-1206 sansui
C _ B+ _ 180v _ 16v _ 25v _ Heater _ Gnd _ Abl _ Afc _ Nc
===========================
JF0601-19577 (polytron)
C_B+_gnd_200v_nc_Ht_nc_abl_+12_-12
===========================
FCK 14A006 digitec, polytron
FCM 2015HE
FCM 14A032
C _ B+ _ Abl _ 24v _ Heater _ 16v _ 180v _ Gnd _ Nc _ Abl
===========================
FCM-20B061N (polytron)
c_B+_gnd_185_nc_Ht_Nc_abl_+12_-12
===========================
FUY-20C009 (akari)
C_180_B+_gnd_nc_24_nc_abl_Ht_afc
===========================
BSC 65A changhong
C _ B+ _ 190v _ Gnd _ Nc _ Nc _ 14,5v _ Abl _ Heater _ Afc
===========================
154 - 132A intel
154 - 132C
C _ 40v _ 16,5 _ Heater _ Gnd _ B+ _ 180v _ Gnd _ Abl _40v
===========================
FCK 1411 L 01
FCM 14A025
C _ Boost-up _ Abl _ B+ _ Gnd _ 180v _ 24V _ Heater _ Afc _ 16,5v
===========================
154 189H
154 277C
FCM 20B027
C _ B+ _ 180v _ 16v _ 24v _ Heater _ Gnd _ Abl _ Afc _ Nc
===========================
MC - FBC-015
LCE CF0854
C _ B+ _ Gnd _ Afc _ 185 _ Heater _ 25 _ 15 _ Gnd _ Abl
===========================
FSV - 20A001 samsung
FCK - 14A033
FSV - 14A001
C _ B+125v _ Abl _ Nc _ Gnd _ 185 _ 46 _ Heater _ Nc _ 16,5
===========================
FTK-14A004P (samsung)
C_B+125v_ABL_ Nc_ Gnd_ 180v_24v_Ht_afc_16,5
===========================
8-598-858--00 sony KV-PG21P70
8-598-811
C _ B+135v _ 200v _ Heater _ Gnd _ -16,5(vertkl) _ Gnd(vertkl) _ +16,5(vertkl) _ Nc _ Abl
===========================
8-598-960-00 sony KV-G21P1
C_b+115V_200V_ht_ gnd_-13v_gnd_+15v_nc_abl
===========================
TFB 4125 DY (thosiba)
TFB 4125 HY
C _ B+ _ 180 _ Gnd _ Nc _ 26v _ 12v _ Abl _ Heater _ Afc
===========================
BSC 22-01-06
BSC 25-48
BSC 25-4803
BSC 24-01N362
C _ B+ _ Nc _ afc _ gnd _ Heater _abl _ nc
===========================
BSC 24-01N4014K tv china
BSC 25-T1010A
BSC 25-09N21A
BSC 25-05N2110A
BSC 25-09N20E
Tep _ C _ Tep _ B+ _ Tep _ Tep _ gnd _ Heater _ abl _ 180v
===========================
BSC25-2678S konka K2169TC
C_200v_B+_ gnd_afc_16v_abl_ht_nc_nc
===========================
JY0301-0206 tv china 29
C_B+_nc_afc_gnd_HT_abl_tep_tep_tep
===========================
DCF 2217J
C _ B+ _ afc _ boost-up _ 16,5 _ 24 _ abl _ gnd _ 200v _ heater
===========================

READ MORE - PIN AND FUNCTION DATA ON TELEVISION 2010 Flyback

ARM926EJ-S

The ARM Subsystem integrates the ARM926EJ-S processor. The ARM926EJ-S processor is a member of
ARM9 family of general-purpose microprocessors. This processor is targeted at multi-tasking applications
where full memory management, high performance, low die size, and low power are all important. The
ARM926EJ-S processor supports the 32-bit ARM and 16 bit THUMB instruction sets, enabling the user to
trade off between high performance and high code density. Specifically, the ARM926EJ-S processor
supports the ARMv5TEJ instruction set, which includes features for efficient execution of Java byte codes,
providing Java performance similar to Just in Time (JIT) Java interpreter, but without associated code
overhead.
The ARM926EJ-S processor supports the ARM debug architecture and includes logic to assist in both
hardware and software debug. The ARM926EJ-S processor has a Harvard architecture and provides a
complete high performance subsystem, including:
• ARM926EJ -S integer core
• CP15 system control coprocessor
• Memory Management Unit (MMU)
• Separate instruction and data Caches
• Write buffer
• Separate instruction and data Tightly-Coupled Memories (TCMs) [internal RAM] interfaces
• Separate instruction and data AHB bus interfaces
• Embedded Trace Module and Embedded Trace Buffer (ETM/ETB)

READ MORE - ARM926EJ-S

digital-display capacitor

The digital-display capacitor is an energy storage device, it is designed to supplement the audio amplifiers power supply during high current demand. An example of such a demand is when music hits a low bass transient. The overall bass response of an audio system will be enhanced by using this device. It is capable of storing a large amount of energy which can be discharged very fast when needed. This makes the power cap a logical addition to the audio system as automotive batteries are not designed to deliver the current required in high power car audio installations. Another feature of the digital display capacitor is its availability to filter car AC voltage induced by the amplifier's power supply. This can otherwise cause audible noise in the sound system of the car.

– Digital Power Stabilizing Capacitor
– Internally Stacked Capacitors (foil-carbon)
– Electronics Polarity Protection Circuit
– Satin finish with chrome end caps and mounting brackets
– Aluminum case gift box with front glass window

READ MORE - digital-display capacitor

EEPROM

Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) chips are similar to PROM devices, but require only electricity to be erased. Architecture or status, performance, power characteristics, and packaging information are all important parameters to consider when searching for EEPROM memory chips.

Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM) A rewritable memory chip that holds its content without power. EEPROMs are bit or byte addressable at the write level, which means either the bit or byte must be erased before it can be re-written. In flash memory, which evolved from EEPROMs and is almost identical in architecture, an entire block of bytes must be erased before writing. In addition, EEPROMs are typically used on circuit boards to store small amounts of instructions and data, whereas flash memory modules hold gigabytes of data for digital camera storage and hard disk replacements

Intersil X90100 is a non-volatile electronically programmable capacitor. The device is programmed through a simple digital interface. After programming, the chosen setting for the device is retained by internal EEPROM storage whether or not DC power is maintained. There are 32 programmable capacitance values selectable, ranging from 7.5pF to 14.5pF in 0.23pF increments, in single-ended mode. The dielectric is highly stable, and the capacitance
exhibits a very low voltage coefficient. It has virtually no dielectric absorbtion and has a very low temperature drift coefficient in differential mode (<50ppm/°C). The X90100 is programmed through three digital interface pins, which have Schmitt triggers and pullup resistors to secure code retention. The three pins, INC, U/D, and CS, are identical in operation to other Intersil chips with up/down interface, such as the X9315 5-bit Digitally Controlled Potentiometer (DCP).

EEPROM and flash memory bit cells are CMOS-based transistors that hold a charge on a "floating gate." With no charge on the floating gate, the transistor acts normally, and a pulse on the control gate causes current to flow. When charged, it blocks the control gate action, and current does not flow. Charging is accomplished by grounding the source and drain terminals and placing sufficient voltage on the control gate tunnel through the oxide to the floating gate. A reverse voltage channeled from another transistor clears the charge by causing it to dissipate into the substrate.

READ MORE - EEPROM

Electrolytic conductor

In chemistry, the electrolyte is a substance containing free ions that make it electrically conductive. The most common type of electrolyte is a solution of ions, but the fused substance electrolytes and solid electrolytes are also there.

Electrolyte is a substance that dissolves or decomposes into the form of ions and the subsequent solution of the electrical conductor, the ions are electrically charged atoms. Electrolyte can be water, acid, base or other form of chemical compounds. Electrolytes are generally in the form of acid, alkali or salt. Some of the specific gas can serve as an electrolyte in certain conditions such as high temperature or low pressure. Strong electrolyte is identical with acids, bases, salts and strong. Electrolytes are compounds that bind to ionic and polar covalent. Most of the compounds that bind ion as an example of an electrolyte NaCl ionic bond, which is one type of salt that is salt. NaCl preformance can be electrolyte solution and form a melt. or liquid form and aqueous. whereas in the form of solid or solid ionic compounds can not serve as an electrolyte.

Electrolytes generally exist in the form of acidic, alkaline, or salt. Several types of gas can also serve as an electrolyte in high temperature conditions and low pressure (eg when there is lightning and the workings of a plasma TV). Electrolyte solution can also be produced from a solution of biological compounds (DNA and polypeptides, genes used in the separation process) and synthetic polymers (called polyelectrolytes; eg polystyrene sulfonate).

Electrolyte solution is generally formed when salts are dissolved in a solvent such as water, and salt components separate due to thermodynamic interactions between solvent and solute, a process called solvation. For example, the salt is dissolved into water. Salt as a solid form would be dissolved into its constituent components, namely Na + and Cl-.

Electrolytes can also be made by dissolving the substance in which these substances also react with water, for example, dissolving carbon dioxide gas into water to produce a solution containing H + ions, carbonate, and carbonic acid (eg, in the process of making carbonated beverages).

Molten substances that are usually dissolved in a solvent for the electrolyte solution can also be an electrolyte as well, such as molten salt that can conduct electricity.

Strength of the electrolyte depends on the amount of ions dissolved in it. If the substance is dissolved does not produce ions, then it is said to be non-electrolytes. Or if the resulting ions are few in number because of the ability dissosiatifnya with a weak solvent, then it is said a weak electrolyte solution, and only able to conduct electricity in very limited quantities.

Adalam strong solution of electrolyte solution that has good electrical conductivity, because the substance inside terarut entirely solvent can be transformed into ions. Classified as strong electrolytes are: strong acids (HCl, HClO3, HClO4, H2SO4, HNO3, etc.), strong bases (bases of alkali and alkaline earth group), and salts with high solubility (NaCl, KCl, KI, Al2 (SO4) 3, and so on).

Weak electrolyte solution is a solution that can conduct electrical currents are weak because of the solute components are not entirely transformed into ions, but only partially. Classified as a weak electrolyte solution is a weak acid, weak base, and salt-soluble salts (AgCl, CaCrO4, PbI2, and so on).

Non electrolyte solution is a solution of the components of the solute can not be turned into ions. This is because the molecular bond is too strong so it is difficult to separate themselves in the solution. Generally, a solution of polymer compounds and polymer compound itself is a non electrolyte. An example is the urea solution, sucrose solution, glucose solution, alcohol solution, and so on.

When electrodes are placed in the electrolyte and the electrical voltage applied, the electrolyte will conduct electricity. Chemical reactions will occur at the cathode consuming electrons released by the anode, and other reactions occur at the anode that emit electrons to the cathode was arrested. This will produce a cloud of electrons surrounding the cathode and electron-poor conditions at the anode. To overcome this, the ions in the solution moves to take charge collected so that chemical reaction occurs, similar to those occurring at the anode, so the charge becomes neutral and the electron flow may continue to occur. This condition is often referred to as electrolysis (electro: electricity, lysis: digest).

An example of electrolysis is that when a salt solution of NaCl by electricity, the cathode reaction occurring is:
2H2O + 2e--> 2OH-+ H2
and hydrogen gas will be liberated from the cathode. Reaction at anode:
2H2O -> O2 + 4H + + 4e-
and oxygen gas will bubble from the anode. Positively charged Na + ions will react with the negative charge neutralization of the cathode, namely OH-and form NaOH, and the negatively charged Cl-ions will react with the positively charged anode neutralization results, namely H +, forming HCl. They will react to form H2O + NaCl NaCl so that the ionic liquid will return to form.

Please note that why not Na + gain electrons to become neutral, but instead of H2O, and not the Cl-which releases electrons to become neutral, but H2O is also, this is because Na + has oxidation state higher than H2O making it easier for H2O to capture electrons than Na + because it takes less energy. This is also true for Cl-that thinking about the high level reduktivitas.

Electrolytic conductor used in various industrial fields, including:
Battery
Fuel cell
Electroplating process
Electrolytic capacitor
Higrometer
Hydrometallurgical process
Making glass by melting the glass using electric currents

In our body, especially body fluids and blood, fluid balance is determined by the number of ions in the body which is calculated in units of electric charge as it affects the absorption of liquid dissolved in the intracellular or extracellular. Primary ions in the body are sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chlorine, phosphoric acid, and carbonic acid. Known forms of life require a balance of electrolytes in the intracellular and extracellular because it involves the transportation of minerals, fluids, and nutrition. Electrolyte imbalance can affect hydration gradient of the body, blood pH, and muscle and nerve function. Berbadag mechanisms and physiological function of all living beings oeh applied in maintaining the balance in a controlled manner.

READ MORE - Electrolytic conductor

General properties of tin (Sn)

Tin is a chemical element that has the symbol Sn and atomic number 50. Tin in English called a Tin. The word "Tin" is taken from the name of the Etruscan god "Tinia". Latin name of the lead is "Stannum" where the word is associated with the word "stagnum" which in English is synonymous with the word "dripping" which means to be a liquid / wet, the use of this word is connected with a metal tin that is easy to melt.
Ordinary tin is formed by nine stable isotopes. There are 18 other isotopes that diketahui.Timah a silvery white metal, with a low hardness, can be forged ("malleable"), has the properties of thermal and electrical conductivity are high, relatively soft, corrosion resistant and has a low melting point and have the structure crystal is high. If this structure is broken, a voice that is often called (weeping tin) when an element is bent.
Tin forms:

This element has 2 forms alotropik at normal pressure. When heated, lead gray (lead-alpha) with a cubic structure unchanged at 13.2 degrees Celsius into tin (tin beta) which has a tetragonal structure. When the tin is cooled to a temperature of 13.2 degrees Celsius, he slowly changed from white to gray. These changes are caused by impurities (impurities) such as aluminum and zinc, and can be prevented by adding antimony or bismuth. Gray tin has little usefulness. Tin can be polished very slippery and is used to cover other metals to prevent corrosion and chemical action. Thin layer of tin on the steel used to make food last.
Tin alloy is very important. Soft solder, bronze, Babbit metal, bell metal, white metal, alloy formation and phosphor bronze is an alloy containing some lead.
Tin can withstand sea water that has been distilled and tap water, but easily attacked by strong acids, alkali and acid salts. Oxygen in a solution can accelerate the action of chemicals such attacks. If heated in air, tin forms Sn2, slightly acid, and forming stannate salts with oxides. The most important salt is chloride, which is used as reducing agents. Tin salts are sprayed onto glass are used to make electrical conductor layer. This application has been used for the windshield that resists freezing. Most window glass is now made by floating molten glass on the molten tin to form a flat surface (Pilkington process).
Recently, a mixture of crystalline tin-niobium metal becomes superconducting at very low temperatures, making it as a construction material that promises a superconductive magnet. Magnet, which is made by tin-niobium wire weighs only a few pounds but with a small battery can produce a magnetic field similar to electromagnetic force of 100 tons carried by large power sources.

ž Sources Tin (Sn) on Earth
The minerals contained in the ore is generally the major minerals, namely cassiterite. Tin was not found in the element of free will on earth but is acquired from senyawaannya. Tin at present be obtained from the mineral cassiterite or tinstone. Cassiterite is a mineral of tin oxide SnO2, with a lead content ranging from 78%. Other examples of other sources of tin ore and received less attention than the sulfide mineral cassiterite is a complex that is stanite (Cu2FeSnS4) is a mineral complex of copper-tin-iron-sulfur and cylindrite (PbSn4FeSb2S14) is a mineral complex of timbale-tin-iron-antimony- sulfur are two examples of this mineral usually found in tandem with other metallic minerals such as silver.
Tin is an element of the 49th most abundant in the earth's crust where the tin has a content of 2 ppm compared with 75 ppm zinc, copper 50 ppm and 14 ppm for lead. Cassiterite is found in alluvial deposits / alluvium is soil or sediment that are not consolidated to form slabs of stone which can be settled at the bottom of the sea, rivers or lakes. Alluvium consists of various minerals such as sand, clay, and small rocks. Almost 80% of production is obtained from the alluvial tin / alluvium or the term secondary deposits. Chance to get 1 kg Cassiterite then about 7 tons of tin ore served until 8 / alluvial cassiterite be mined due to very low concentrations.
Tin earth unevenly spread but there are in one geographic area where there is an important resource in Southeast Asia including China, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The results obtained are not so much of Peru, South Africa, UK, and Zimbabwe.
General properties of tin (Sn)
ü Lead a whitish metallic silver,
ü ductile and have a high crystalline structure,
ü In normal circumstances (13 - 160 ° C), the metal is shiny and malleable.
ü Lead is also not easily oxidized in air so that the stainless.
ü Found in many alloys, and used to coat other metals to prevent rust.

Physical properties of tin (Sn)
ü state of matter: Solid
ü Melting point: 505.08 K (449.47 ° F)
ü Boiling Point: 2875 K (4716 ° F)
ü Density: 7.365 g/cm3 (white Sn) 5.769 g/cm3 (gray Sn)
molar volume ü: × 10-6 m3/mol 16:29
ü Heat of vaporization: 295.8 kJ / mol
ü Heat of fusion: 7029 kJ / mol
ü Heat type: 27.112 J / molK
ü Heat of fusion: 7.03 kJ / mol
ü Vapor pressure: 5.78 E-21 Pa at 505 K
ü The speed of sound: 2500 m / s at 293.15 K

Mechanical properties of tin (Sn)
ü low-power appeal, approximately 2000 psi
ü Youngnya modulus is 5.9 to 7.8 x 10 ^ 6 psi
ü Strength Brinell Mohs 1.8 or 5.0 (1000 kg, 10 mm)

Chemical properties of tin (Sn)
ü atomic weight: 118 710 sma
ü density: 7.3 g/cm3
ü atomic radius: 145 (145) pm
ü covalent radius: 141 pm
ü The radius of the van der Waals: 217 pm
ü electron configuration: [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2
ü Electrons per energy level: 2, 8, 18, 18, 4
ü oxidation: 4.2, -4
ü Atomic number: 50
ü Number of mass: 118.71
ü electronegativity: 1.96 (scale Pauli)
ü 1st ionization energy: 708.6 kJ / mol
ü 2nd ionization energy: 1411.8 kJ / mol
ü 3rd ionization energy: 2943.0 kJ / mol
ü atomic radius: 140 pm
ü covalent radius: 139 pm
ü The radius van der Waals: 217 pm
ü Crystal structure: tetragonal (Sn white) cubic diamond (gray Sn)
ü thermal conductivity: 66.8 W / mK
ü lunah Tin is a metal, flexible, and the color is gray metallic. Tin is not easily oxidized and resistant to corrosion caused by the formation of tin oxide coating that inhibits further oxidation process. Tin is resistant to corrosion distilled water and sea water, but can be attacked by strong acids, alkalis, acids and salts. Oxidation process is accelerated by increasing the oxygen content in solution.
ü If the tin is heated in the presence of air it will form SnO2.
ü Tin exists in two allotropes of tin alpha and beta. Tin alfa-called gray tin and stable temperature below 13.2 ° C with covalent bonding structure such as diamond. While white beta tin and metal is stabilized at high temperatures, and is as a conductor.
ü Lead dissolved in HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, and some organic solvents such as acetic acid oxalic acid and citric acid. Tin is also soluble in strong base such as NaOH and KOH.
ü Tin generally have oxidation number +2 and +4. Tin (II) tend to have metallic properties and easily obtained from the dissolution of Sn in hot concentrated HCl.
ü Lead directly react with chlorine to form Sn (IV) chloride.
ü tin hydrides are stable only SnH4.

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component analog video

video signal that has been split into two or more components. In popular use, it refers to a type of analog video information that is transmitted or stored as three separate signals. Component video can be contrasted with composite video (NTSC, PAL or SECAM) in which all the video information is combined into a single line-level signal. Like composite, component-video cables do not carry audio and are often paired with audio cables.

component analog video is a format of video signal that takes the advancement from composite (1-signal) to S-Video (2-signals) one step further. It has separated luma (brightness) and chroma (color), but the chroma is also separated into two signals, red and blue. The result is a triple-headed RCA cable and an image cleaner than composite with less color bleeding that S-Video. Although common on newer DVD players, high-end HDTV's, and relatively modern CRT televisions, component video is very rare on older TV sets and VCR's.

component video systems, additional synchronization signals may need to be sent along with the images. The synchronization signals are commonly transmitted on one or two separate wires, or embedded in the blanking period of one or all of the components. In computing, the common standard is for two extra wires to carry the horizontal and vertical components ('separate syncs'), whereas in video applications it is more usual to embed the sync signal in the Y component ('sync on luminance').

Examples of international component video standards are:
RS-170 RGB (525 lines, based on NTSC timings, now EIA/TIA-343)
RS-343 RGB (525, 625 or 875 lines)
STANAG 3350 Analogue Video Standard (NATO military version of RS-343 RGB)

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Radio Frequency

The term Radio Frequency (RF or rf) refers to the electromagnetic field that is generated when an alternating current is input to an antenna. This field, also called an RF field or radio wave, can be used for wireless broadcasting and communications over a significant portion of the electromagnetic radiation spectrum -- from about 9 kilohertz (kHz) to thousands of gigahertz (GHz). This portion is referred to as the RF Spectrum. As the frequency is increased beyond the RF spectrum, electromagnetic energy takes the form of infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), X rays, and gamma rays.

Many types of wireless devices make use of RF fields -- radio, television, cordless and cellular telephones, satellite communication systems, and many measuring and instrumentation systems used in manufacturing. Some wireless devices, such as remote control boxes and cordless mice, operate at IR or visible light frequencies. The RF spectrum is divided into several ranges, or bands. Each of these bands, other than the lowest frequency segment, represents an increase of frequency corresponding to an order of magnitude (power of ten). The chart at the top of the page depcits the eight bands in the RF spectrum, showing frequency and bandwidth ranges.

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diode bridge

Silicon diode is a diode bridge is assembled into a bridge and packed into a single unit component. In the market sold various forms of the diode bridge with a variety of capacities. The size of the main bridge diodes are voltage and amperage maximum. Diode bridge rectifier is used as the power supply.

diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of input. When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC) input into direct current a (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a 3-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.

One complete cycle of operation will be discussed to help you understand how this circuit works. We have discussed transformers in previous modules in the NEETS series and will not go into their characteristics at this time. Let us assume the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential at point A and a negative potential at point B. The positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4. The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse bias D2. At this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow. The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. This path is indicated by the solid arrows. Waveforms (1) and (2) can be observed across D1 and D3.

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wave

In electromagnetic radiation, the energy of the wave is related to both the frequency (nu) and wavelength (lambda) of the wave, in the following forms:
E = h nu = hc / lambda

The table below shows the approximate wavelength, frequency, and energy ranges for different types of electromagnetic waves. An illustration of the spectrum is in the image to the right, which can be examined closer by clicking on it.

Notice that there is some overlap. For example, the terahertz waves (which are just now being studied and found to have intriguing properties) really lie just on the border of the microwave and infrared waves. Also, some depictions show an overlap between infrared & microwave, ultraviolet & x-ray, and x-ray & gamma rays, so these ranges are somewhat flexible at the boundaries. These values (except for the terahertz, which I calculated from other sources) came from NASA, so I figure they're close enough.



A wave is a disturbance traveling through space, transferring energy from one point to the next without permanently changing space itself. Physicists have depicted a wave graphically as the passage of such a disturbance over time.

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electromagnetic radiation

The wave theory of electromagnetic radiation was formalized in the 1800s by James Clerk Maxwell, who realized that such energy was a disturbance of time-varying electric and magnetic fields propagating through space, which fit the wave equation. He organized a series of equations (named, oddly enough, Maxwell's equations) to describe this wave motion.

Einstein's later work with the photoelectric effect revealed that electromagnetic waves carry quantized energy in the form of photons, but the wavelike properties remain in most circumstances and therefore a reformulation of Maxwell's equations are still used today to describe electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic radiation, the larger family of wave-like phenomena to which visible light belongs (also known as radiant energy), is the primary vehicle transporting energy through the vast reaches of the universe. This interactive tutorial explores the classical representation of an electromagnetic wave as a sine function, and enables the visitor to vary amplitude and wavelength to demonstrate how this function appears in three dimensions.

Electromagnetic radiation (often abbreviated E-M radiation or EMR) is a form of energy exhibiting wave-like behavior as it travels through space. EMR has both electric and magnetic field components, which oscillate in phase perpendicular to each other and perpendicular to the direction of energy propagation.

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Turbine Engine Diagnostics (TED)

Turbine Engine Diagnostics (TED) is a diagnostic expert system to aid the Ml Abrams tank mechanic find and fix problems in the AGT-1500 turbine engine.
aircraft gas turbine engine diagnostic system, comprising:a computing device comprising a port configured to receive a removable memory device, the computing device operable to retrieve engine performance data stored on the removable memory device, the engine performance data representative of a plurality of aircraft gas turbine engine parameters, the computing device further operable to run engine diagnostics based on the retrieved engine performance data; andan engine controller comprising:a processor coupled to receive the engine performance data and configured to (i) generate and supply engine control signals based, at least in part, on the engine performance data and (ii) selectively transmit at least a portion of the engine performance data for storage;a fixed memory device in operable communication with the processor to receive and store the engine performance data selectively transmitted by the processor, the fixed memory device fixedly coupled to a fixed-memory mount; andthe removable memory device in operable communication with the processor to receive and store the engine performance data selectively transmitted by the processor, the removable memory device non-fixedly coupled to a removable memory mount in a manner that allows the removable memory device to be hand-removable from the removable memory mount and inserted into the port of the computing device.

Gas turbine engines are widely used in different fields for generate energy. They are commonly used in aircrafts. If you watch a huge passenger aircraft, you can see the gas turbine engines are either hanging on the wing section or tail section. Those power plants gives enough energy to generate thrust which finally result the aircraft fly.

gas turbine engine, comprising the steps of:receiving, in an engine controller, engine performance data representative of a plurality of aircraft gas turbine engine parameters;storing at least a portion of the received engine performance data in a fixed memory device that is fixedly coupled to a fixed-memory mount in the engine controller; andstoring the at least a portion of the received engine performance data in a removable memory device that is non-fixedly coupled to a removable memory mount in the engine controller in a manner that allows the removable memory device to be hand-removable from the removable memory mount;removing the removable memory device from the removable memory mount in the engine controller;inserting the removable memory device in a port of a computing device that is not coupled to the engine controller;retrieving the engine performance data stored on the removable memory device; andanalyzing the performance of the aircraft gas turbine engine based on the retrieved engine performance data.

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Step Recovery Diode (SRD)

Diodes are one of passive electronic components. Diodes have two pole pieces of leg and foot anode cathode. Diodes made ​​from semi-conductor type P and N type semi-conductors that are connected together.

Due to the nature of the diode that works as a conductor if we give forward bias and works as an insulator in reverse bias, then .. often used as a rectifier diode (rectifier) alternating current. Examples of its use is on the circuit adapter, DC power supply (Power Supply DC) and so on.

To determine the diode is in good condition or damaged we can measure it using a multimeter or ohmmeter. Because nature is only able to drain diode direct current only, the installation of the multimeter to the diode must be done as follows:
Positive terminal (+) multimeter in diode cathode connected to the leg.
Negative terminal (-) multimeter diode anode connected to the leg.

Step Recovery Diodes have relatively little capacitance change under reverse bias and are used for higher efficiency applications. These diodes do not require idler circuits to enhance efficiency. The use of these diodes results in:
High Efficiency
High and Low Order Multiplication
Narrow Bandwidth
Comb Generation

Absolute Maximum Ratings
Storage Temperature: -65C to +200C
Operating Temperature: -65C to + 175C

Step Recovery Diode (SRD) has long been used to build high order frequency multiplier circuits. An approximate design procedure for the SRD frequency multiplier can be found in Hewlett Packard application note 920.

While this 1960's era technology is still in fairly wide use, there's still no other computer program to aid in the design process and no nonlinear model of a true SRD known to the author. At least one manufacturer of step recovery diodes does publish approximate SPICE models of their parts, though SPICE cannot represent the diode's transition time.

Step-Recovery Diodes By reducing the doping level near the junction of the plant can make the step-recovery diode devices that use charge storage. During the forward conduction diodes behave as usual and when dibias diode reverse diode conduction while the layer is being set up and then emptying all of a sudden reverse flow becomes zero. In these circumstances as if the diode suddenly snapped open (snaps open) such as switches, and this is why the step-recovery diode is often called the snap diode. Step-recovery diodes are used in pulse and digital circuits to produce a very rapid pulse. Snap-off that suddenly can result in switching on-off less than 1 ns. This particular diode is also used in frequency multipliers.

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