PEMANCAR FM STEREO

SPECIFICATION
Freq Range : 50KHz steps from 70.00 to 140.00MHz
Freq Generation : Cystal ref. Phase Locked Loop
Freq Stability : +/- 1 KHz max typ +/- 500Hz
Lock Time : 3 sec
Spurious Emission- : Better than -45dB rel to carrier
RF Power Output : 900mW min
RF Output Connector: SO239
Power Supply : 13.8 DC regulated
Audio Input Sensitivity : 0.775 V rms for +/- 75 KHz dev
Signal To Noise Ratio : 75dBu
Audio Freq Respone : Flat from 20Hz to 76KHz
Pre-Emphasis : None or 50uS or 75uS
Audio Distortion : Better than 0.2 % THD
Audio Input Connector : Phono socket

Radio is a technology that is used for signal transmission and modulation by electromagnetic radiation (electromagnetic waves). These waves propagate across and through the air and can also travel through space vacuum, because these waves do not require the carrier medium (such as air molecules). Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, and is formed when electrically charged objects is modulated (increased frequency) at frequencies in the radio frequency (RF) in an electromagnetic spectrum. These radio waves at a frequency range of 10 hertz (Hz) to several gigahertz (GHz), and electromagnetic radiation move by electric and magnetic oscillations. Other electromagnetic waves, which have frequencies above the radio waves include gamma rays, X-rays, infrared, ultraviolet, and visible light. When the radio waves transmitted through the cable, the oscillation of electric and magnetic fields are expressed in the form of alternating current and voltage in the wire. This can then be converted into another audio signal or that carry information. Although the word 'radio' is used for things related to the sound wave receiver, but the wave transmission is used as the basis of the waves on television, radio, radar, and mobile phones in general.
In the early use of radio as a broadcast media to use low-frequency band (Low Band) is about 500 Khz is now often referred to as the Medium Wave (MW) in the so-called amplitude modulation Modulation (AM). Band (band) frequencies is still used by the broadcast media today. Besides being used in the frequency band below 1 MHz, frequencies above 1 MHz is also used as the broadcast media. The band is more known as Short Wave (SW) because using the short wave. Range can reach thousands of kilometers, because the nature of the waves at frequencies reflected from ionosphere layer. MW band was on, the gap coverage will only reach hundreds of kilometers.

The next technological developments lead to the use of frequencies above 50 MHz for various purposes, including for broadcasting. Allocations are set internationally for the use of broadcast media is 87 MHz - 108 MHz. At the modulation frequency used is Frequency Modulation (FM). One of the benefits of using the FM modulator is clean because his voice bandwidth (the bandwidth) is used at least 100 Khz. With a wide bandwidth, then the sound becomes clearer. In contrast to the modulation AM, the sound is not as good as FM modulation. FM is often used in VHF radio frequencies for broadcasting and conversation music high (see FM broadcasting). The sound of a normal TV (analog) is also broadcast using FM. One form of narrow lines used for voice communications in a commercial setting and amatur radio. Type of FM used to broadcast in held "extensive FM" (wide-FM), or W-FM. For two pages of the radio, "FM narrow" (narrow-FM, N-FM) narrow track width is used to track. Moreover, the narrow FM is used to deliver signals into space.

stereo, is the reproduction of sound, using more than one independent audio channels, through a loudspeaker configuration arrangement symmetrical, by causing an impression of a soft voice and naturally from various directions as if the natural hearing. Stereo sound has monoponik opponent, where the sound is in the form of a channel, usually located in the middle of the sound field. In the transmission line that does not match but the waves came flowing waves also bounce. Waves coming at him from the source to the load (from the transmitter to the antenna) while the waves reflected from the opposite direction (from the antenna to the transmitter). To measure the power of these waves is needed Power Meter. Usually on the Power Meter has two scales, one for power and another came to power bounce, bounce-scale for power is smaller than the scale of the power comes. Meter SWR (Standing Wave Ratio Meter - meter tall wave ratio) is used to measure the ratio of the wave coming and reflected waves. In other words SWR meter is used to measure how match a source with the load. Working principle is based Power Meter SWR Meter.

Wireless FM Transmitter is a device to transmit sound (audio output) of the device, such as MP3 players, VCD, computer etc to be heard through FM radio waves, so the sound can be captured in FM radio and a song can be heard with the car speakers. Songs from the computer can be heard on FM radio. Frequency can be selected (there are 4-channel option). Easy to use way.
Power Source can use 2 AAA battere fruit or through the cigarette lighter in the car. (all are included in the package).

radio inventor
Basic theory of electromagnetic wave propagation was first described in 1873 by James Clerk Maxwell in his paper at the Royal Society about the dynamics of electromagnetic field theory (the English language: A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field), based on the results of research work between 1861 and 1865. In 1878 David E. Hughes was the first person to send and receive radio waves when he found that the induction balance caused disruption to phone product. He demonstrated his discovery to the Royal Society in 1880 but only say it was just an induction. Was Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who, between 1886 and 1888, the first time to prove Maxwell's theory through experiment, demonstrating that radio radiation had all the wave properties (now called Hertzian waves), and found that the electromagnetic equations can be formulated into the equation of partial derivatives is called the wave equation. Many of the early use of the maritime radio, for sending telegraphic messages using Morse code between ships and land. One of the early users included the Japanese Navy spy on the Russian fleet at Tsushima in 1901 War. One of the most memorable use is at the time of the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, including communications

radio inventor
Basic theory of electromagnetic wave propagation was first described in 1873 by James Clerk Maxwell in his paper at the Royal Society about the dynamics of electromagnetic field theory (the English language: A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field), based on the results of research work between 1861 and 1865. In 1878 David E. Hughes was the first person to send and receive radio waves when he found that the induction balance caused disruption to phone product. He demonstrated his discovery to the Royal Society in 1880 but only say it was just an induction. Was Heinrich Rudolf Hertz who, between 1886 and 1888, the first time to prove Maxwell's theory through experiment, demonstrating that radio radiation had all the wave properties (now called Hertzian waves), and found that the electromagnetic equations can be formulated into the equation of partial derivatives is called the wave equation. Many of the early use of the maritime radio, for sending telegraphic messages using Morse code between ships and land. One of the early users included the Japanese Navy spy on the Russian fleet at Tsushima in 1901 War. One of the most memorable use is at the time of the sinking of the RMS Titanic in 1912, including communications

between operators in a sinking ship and nearby ships, and communication to ground stations that saved register. Radio used to channel commands and communications between the Army and Navy on both sides in World War II; Germany using radio communications for diplomatic messages as underwater cable cut by the British. United States convey Main Fourteen President Woodrow Wilson to Germany via radio during the war. Press start can be made in the 1920s, with the popularity of radio, especially in Europe and the United States. In addition to broadcasting, broadcast point-to-point, including the phone and re-broadcast radio program, became popular in the 1920s and 1930s. The use of radio in the prewar years was the development of detecting and determining the location of aircraft and ships with the use of radar]. Today, the radio many forms, including wireless networks, mobile communications in all types, as well as radio broadcasting.

There are several things you can do to regulate the use of frequencies, among others by doing a restriction against:

1. Transmit power. A transmitter can be limited radiance power. Transmit power is referred to the ERP (Effective Radiated Power). A transmitter with a transmit power at the frequency of X Y, then theoretically would be acceptable in one place at a distance Z A kilometer from reception at the receiver (receiver) B; to be received is for C dB. With the above principles, then these variables will be included in a formula so obtained an exact figure to be a transmitter in order to limit its scope in accordance with the agreed terms (the law). For example, a transmitter with 100 watts ERP with a height of 30 Meters for example, it will get the distance emit about 6 Km. When power is added, then the coverage will go further.
2. Frequency band width allowed. In AM modulation modulation bandwidth of 20 Khz. While the FM wide modulation frequency required to achieve because there are 400 Khz Stereo FM modulator that require greater bandwidth than FM mono. Frequencies between 87 MHz to 108 MHz is technically divided per 100 Khz (from 108,000 to 87,100 Khz Khz). Each state a fixed rule for the use of these channels vary, Mexico applies the bandwidth to 87 Khz FM Stereo, whereas in the U.S. can up to 200 Khz. Rules in Indonesia is not clear of its provisions. At this time stereo FM transmitter spends most bandwidth of 350 Khz.
   
3. The distance between points on the use of the same frequency. Characteristics of waves at frequencies above 50 MHz is a line of waves that sigth or visibility is limited by the eye. Theoretically these waves are not as far-reaching power of the waves in the frequency band MW or SW radiance power is strengthened though continued. An FM transmitter with the power of a 10 Kwatt urban areas with a flat contour, will not be able to reach the more than 70 Km. If the transmit power is limited, then the transmitter range will be defined with certainty that at some location, frequencies used do not interfere with each other. To have a place with a transmitter at a particular frequency does not interfere with each other on the same frequency, then there is the minimum distance required. Minimum distance can be determined by adjusting the transmit power.
4. The use of frequency at a location. When a transmitter radiating at a specific location with a frequency f or the channel A, for example 87 MHz, then at least there should be a difference of about 600 Khz from the initial frequency. For example, if 87,100 Khz frequency given to a transmitter, then to other transmitters at the same location should be given the frequency: 87700 Khz (87.100 Khz + 600 Khz). Because the principle used is the third adjacent channel.
5. Antenna height. As mentioned earlier, the characteristic waves at a frequency between 87 MHz - 108 MHz is the line of sight. Wave Line of site (LOS) is highly dependent on the curved Earth. To be able to reach longer distances, then the antenna should be as high as possible from the surface of the earth. To limit the transmit power can be a way of implementing a strong rules for transmitting antenna heights. For a transmitter with an antenna height of 30 meters with a 100 Watt transmit power (ERP), it will get the distance emit about 6 Km.
   

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capacitor

capacitor is an electrical component that serves to store electrical charges. One type of capacitor is keeping parallel capacitor. This capacitor consists of two parallel pieces of metal separated by an insulator called a dielectric. When the capacitor is connected to a battery-charged capacitor until the potential difference between the two terminals with battery voltage. If the battery is removed, electric charges will be exhausted in a very long time, except when a conductor is connected to the two capacitor terminals.

Capacitor Type
The capacitor consists of several types, depending on the dielectric material. For more simple can be divided into 3 parts, namely electrostatic capacitors, electrolytic and electrochemical.

1. Electrostatic capacitor is a capacitor groups are made with a dielectric material of ceramic, film and mica. Ceramic and mica is a popular material and cheap to make small capacitance capacitors. Quantities available from pF to several UF, which is usually for a series of applications relating to high frequency. Groups including film dielectrics are materials such as polyester (polyethylene terephthalate, or known as Mylar), polystyrene, polyprophylene, polycarbonate, metalized paper and others. Mylar, MKM, MKT are some examples of the trademark name for the capacitor with a dielectric material film. Generally this group of capacitors is the non-polar.
2. Electrolytic capacitor group consisting of the capacitors dielectric materials are metal-oxide layer. Generally capacitor including this group is a polar capacitor with the + and - in the body. Why are these capacitors can have a polarity, is due to the manufacturing process uses electrolysis to form positive negative pole, anode pole and cathode. It has long been known for some metals such as tantalum, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, niobium, zirconium and zinc (zinc) surface can be oxidized to form metal-oxide layer (oxide film). Oxidation layer is formed through the process of electrolysis, as in the gold plating process. Metal electrodes are dipped into a solution electrolit (sodium borate) and given a positive voltage (anode) and the solution given electrolit negative voltage (cathode). Oxygen in electrolyte solution and oxidize the surface apart metal plate. For example, if you use aluminum, it will form a layer Aluminum-oxide (Al2O3) on the surface.
   
   Elco capacitor
   Thus successive metal plate (anode), layer-metal-oxide and the electrolyte (cathode) form a capacitor. In this layer-metal-oxide as the dielectric. From formula (2) great unknown capacitance is inversely proportional to the thick dielectric. Metal-oxide layer is very thin, so that the capacitor can be made large enough capacitance. Because of economical and practical reasons, generally a lot of metal material used is aluminum and tantalum. Materials and the most expensive is Aluminum. To obtain a large surface, this aluminum plate material is usually rolled radially. So in a way that can be obtained large capacitance capacitors. For example 100uF, 470uF, 4700uF and others, which often also called capacitor elco. Electrolyte materials on Tantalum capacitor is a liquid, but there is also a solid. Called the solid electrolyte, but it is not the solution to be electrolit its negative electrode, but other materials are manganese-dioxide. Thus this type of capacitors can have large capacitance, but became more slender and petite. Also because of all the solid, then their work time (lifetime) to be more durable. This type of capacitor has a leakage current is very small so can be understood why Tantalum capacitors become relatively expensive.
3. electrochemical capacitor including batteries and batteries are very good, because it has a large capacitance and leakage current (leakage current) is very small. This type of capacitor types are also still in development for a large capacitance, but small and light, for example for electric car application and mobile phone.

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diode, zener, Schottky, Rectifier, varicap, SCR, photodioda

Diode is the active component has two channels (termionik diode may have a third channel for heating). Diodes have two active electrodes where signals can flow, and most of the diodes used for one-way characteristics possessed. Diode varicap (Variable Capacitor / condenser variable) is used as a voltage controlled condenser.
Diode Zener diodes are made so that current can flow in the opposite direction if the applied voltage exceeds the limit "broken voltage (breakdown voltage) or" Zener voltage ". A zener diode is fed-back will show the damage that uncontrolled behavior and will miss the current electricity to keep the voltage down to keep the zener voltage.
Diode-tunnel is perfect conductor if a large voltage rated. diodes are made with high impurity-called tunnel diodes. The advantages possessed by the tunnel diode is a cheap, low noise, simple,
high-speed, immune to the environment, and low power. Weakness-tunnel diode is the difference between low-output voltage and only is a component of two-terminal. The latter caused no isolation input-output, thus causing difficulties in circuit design.
phototransistor / photodioda is one sensor that converts light intensity into electrical energy, the greater the radiance received by a photo transistor, the greater the energy that will be accepted. phototransistor or photodioda have a good response in the central region, a 100% response and the response will be half if they are in the 45-degree angle from the center.

SCR (stands for Silicon Control Rectifier). The diode is a function as a controller. SCR or Tyristor still including semiconductor families with similar characteristics thiratron tube. As the controller is the gate (G). SCR often called Therystor. SCR actually of mixed materials P and N. The contents consist of SCR PNPN (Positive Negative Positive Negative) and is usually called PNPN Trioda.
Rectifier : Rectifier current function as a rectifier (AC to DC). Rectifier usually known as a diode for rectifier current is the basic function of the diode, but more specifically a function of the rectifier.
Bridge Rectifier : Consists of four rectifier connected to each other (to form a box formation). Bridge rectifier rectify current (AC to DC) with more efficiently.
Variable Capacitance Diodes also called varicap diode or varactor diodes. The nature of this diode is when paired according to the upside will act as a condenser. Capacitance depends on the incoming voltage. Diodes of this type are widely used in FM modulator and also on the VCO a PLL (Phase Lock Loop).
Schottky diode is a special type of diode with low voltage. When current flows through the diode will be detained by the internal resistance, which causes a small voltage at the diode terminals. Normal diode between 0.7-1.7 volts, while the Schottky diode voltage approximately between 0.15-0.45 volts. Schottky diodes using metal-semiconductor junction as a Schottky barrier (of a semiconductor-semiconductor junction as in conventional diodes). Schottky barrier is produced by the contact time is very fast and low voltage. Differences pn and Schottky diodes are of the reverse recovery time, when switching from state to state does not conduct and conduct contrary. Where in the pn diode recovery time can be of the order through hundreds of nano-seconds and less than 100 nano-seconds for fast diode.

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Transistor NPN, PNP

Transistors are semiconductor devices used as amplifiers, as the circuit breaker and connecting (switching), voltage stabilization, signal modulation, or as other functions. Transistor can act like an electric faucet, where according to input current (BJT) or voltage input (FET), which allows electrical conduction of the circuit is very accurate source of electricity. BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) is one of the two types of transistors. How a BJT can be imagined as two diodes are positive or negative terminal packed, so there are three terminals. The third terminal is the emitter (E), collector (C), and base (B). FET is divided into two families: Junction FET (JFET) and Insulated Gate FET (IGFET) or also known as Metal Oxide Silicon (or semiconductor) FET (MOSFET). In contrast to the IGFET, the JFET gate terminal forming a diode with the channel (semiconductor material between the Source and Drain). In its function, this makes N-channel JFET to be a solid-state version of the vacuum tubes, which also forms a diode between the grid and cathode. And also, both (JFET and vacuum tubes) work in "depletion mode", both have a high input impedance, and they conduct electrical current under the control of the input voltage.
Bipolar transistors are used as electronic switches and amplifiers in digital electronic circuits. Transistor has 3 terminals. Transistors are usually made of silicon or germanium material. Three different leg forming a bipolar transistor are emitter, base and collector. They can be combined into NPN or PNP type which became one as a three-leg transistor.

BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor)

NPN transistor, providing a positive voltage from the base to the emitter, causing the collector to emitter connections connected short, which causes the transistor active (on). Providing a negative voltage or 0 V from the base to the emitter causes the open collector and emitter, called the transistor die (off).

In the PNP transistors, providing a negative voltage from the base to the emitter of this transistor turns on (on). And provide a positive voltage or 0 V from the base to the emitter of this will make the transistor die (off).

JFET (Junction FET)

N-channel JFET to be a solid-state version of the vacuum tubes, which also forms a diode between the grid and cathode. And also, they (JFET and vacuum tubes) work in "depletion mode", both have a high input impedance, and they conduct electrical current under voltage control input.N-channel FET as an example: in the depletion mode, the gate is negative compared to the source , while the enhancement mode, the gate is positive. For both modes, if the gate voltage is made more positive, current flow between the source and drain will increase.


For P-channel FET, the polarity-reversed polarity. Most of the enhancement type IGFET is fashion, and almost all JFETs are depletion mode type.

FET is divided into two families: Junction FET (JFET) and Insulated Gate FET (IGFET) or also known as Metal Oxide Silicon (or semiconductor) FET (MOSFET). FET is further subdivided into type enhancement mode and depletion mode. Mode indicates the polarity of the gate voltage compared to the source when the FET conducts electricity.

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Resistor Color Code

code color resistor

Resistors are two-channel electronic components designed to resist electrical current to produce a voltage drop between the two channels in accordance with the current flowing, according to Ohm's law : V = I.R or I = V/R. Resistor is used as part of the electronic networks and electronic circuits, and is one of the most common components used. Resistors can be made from a variety of compounds and films, even the wire resistance (wire made from high resistivity alloys such as nickel-chromium). The main characteristics of the resistors is the resistance and electric power can be wasted. Other characteristics include temperature coefficient, electrical wheezing, and inductance.

Resistors can be integrated into hybrid circuits and printed circuit boards, integrated circuits even. The size and location of the foot depends on circuit design, the resistor must be physically large enough not to become too hot while wasting resources. Ohm resistor unit (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after George Simon Ohm. Usually used prefix m-ohms, kilo ohm and mega ohm. Resistor consists of a cylindrical resistive element with a wire or a metal cap at both ends. Body resistor protected with paint or plastic. Lawas carbon composition resistors have not isolated entities, connecting wire wrapped around the end of the resistive element and then soldered. Resistor which has become painted with the color code of the price.

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