Electronics

Senin, 08 Juli 2013

power plants

NPP basically operates on the same principle as conventional power plants, but the differences in the way the generation of heat to generate steam. In the conventional power plants, the heat generated from the combustion of fossil (oil, coal, gas), while the heat generated from nuclear fission reactions of atomic nuclei fuel (Uranium) in a nuclear reactor. The resulting heat is used to generate steam in the steam generators and then, just as in a conventional power plant, the steam is used to drive a turbine and generator to produce electricity. In electricity generation, nuclear power does not release fumes or dust containing heavy metals or CO2, SO2, NOx into the environment.

The figure below shows the operation principle of the scheme NPP press type reactor (PWR).

As mentioned above, the heat to generate steam in a nuclear core obtained from the division process. The figure below shows the core division process. When a neutron particle successful entry into the nucleus of uranium fuel, the uranium core becomes unstable and consequently have cleavage. The results of this division are two other pieces of material atoms, 2 to 3 pieces of new neutrons and energy. Total mass of all the materials that formed after the fission of uranium nuclei is smaller than before the division. The difference is that the mass turned into energy. Newly formed neutron core after division can grind other uranium nuclei and so generate other material atoms, 2-3 pieces of new neutrons and energy. And so on, forming a chain reaction. One gram of Uranium will be able to generate power equal to 1 million watts for 1 day. If a home uses energy of 1000 kilowatt-hours in a day, the energy produced 1 gram of uranium can be used for about 24 days.

In order for a chain reaction does not develop into uncontrollable, like the atom bomb, the control material is used, among others, made out of cadmium, to create a chain reaction running stable and controllable. New neutron fission results have a very high speed, therefore in order to more easily fit into the nucleus of neutrons must be slowed. Materials often used as pelambat or moderator is plain water that has minerals removed. Can also use heavy water, or graphite as a moderator in accordance with the type of fuel. The heat generated in the uranium fuel is very high. If the cooling is not done then the fuel could be damaged or melted. There are several types of materials that are usually used as a coolant, such as light water, heavy water, liquid sodium metal, and gas. Selection of type of coolant depends also on the type of fuel. Fulfillment Energy Indoneseia that once rich with energy resources, is now no longer the case. Indonesian petroleum resources of around 321 billion barrels (1.2 percent of the world's potential), about 507 TSCF gas (3.3 percent of the world's potential), coal about 50 billion tonnes (3 per cent of the world's potential), approximately 27,000 MW of geothermal (40 percent of the potential of the world), and about 75,000 MW hydropower (0.02 per cent of the world's potential). Proved reserves of crude oil in 2002, about 5 billion barrels, proven natural gas reserves around 90 TSCF, and proven coal reserves of about 5 billion tons. With a production level as in 2002, and in the absence of new proven reserves, oil reserves will be exhausted within 10 years, 30 years of natural gas, and coal 50 years. Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) in the First Congress of Accounting Professional Organization Practitioner of Natural Resources and Environment in Baturaden, December 12, we estimate the oil reserves can only provide for up to seven years. How do we meet the energy needs of the future.

Diesel engine driving

Diesel engine driving a generator that is widely used in the field, generally single-cylinder diesel engine water-cooled horizontal. Cooling water circulation system uses natural circulation or the cooling water circulation pump does not use circulators (water pump). Circulation of this kind took place because of the differences in specific gravity due to propagation of the cooling water heat received from the cylinder block. The cooling water circulation can be understood by considering the illustration above water heated furnace, the following:

High water temperature (heat) has a lower specific gravity and tend to move to the top (surface). Instead of water where the temperature is lower (cooler) its density will be higher and tend to move down (around the block cylinder). The advantage of this type does not require a circulation pump circulators so much simpler construction.
Broadly speaking, the amount of water in the cooling system can be divided into 3 types / construction, include: (a). Hopper type, (b). Radiator type and (c). Condenser type.

Diesel engine cooling system type hopper, the cooling effect is obtained with the cylinder block merambatkan heat to the cooling water, so the water will evaporate into the surface. Within a certain period of operation (40 minutes to 1 hour) of cooling water in the tank should be added. Indicator of the amount of cooling water hopper type typically use floating balls. If the ball is not visible apungnya, means the amount of cooling water has been depleted and need to be added. Diesel engine with radiator type cooling system, usually equipped with a cooling fan (cooling fan) and close the radiator. When the engine is operating, the water was around the block cylinder gets hot and moving up to the top of the tank by passing through the fins (fin) radiator. Obtained from the cooling effect of air flow from the cooling fan to the fins (fin) radiator. Radiator cap serves to increase the air pressure in the tank resulting in cooling water boiling point will be higher than 1000C, so it can slow down the process of evaporation. The advantage compared to the type of hopper is the frequency of addition of cooling water into the lower tank. Diesel motor with the type of condenser cooling system is also equipped with a cooling fan (cooling fan), but part of it is not closed (no radiator cap). Cooling effects utilizing the principle of condensation (condensation). Cooling water vapor is passed to the small pipes that fed air from the cooling fan, so it will condense and become water again. The water will be collected in the condenser tank. When the amount of cooling water in the tank bottom (above the cylinder block) is reduced, the air pressure will drop (happened kevacuman). This caused the water in the condenser tank is sucked down into the tank (in the block). Advantages type radiator and cooling system condenser type is compared with hopper type machine can be operated for about 10 hours continuously without adding cooling water into the tank.

Sabtu, 16 Februari 2013

modulation radio receiver

Judging from the type of modulation radio receiver that is divided into two kinds of AM radio when the modulation amplitude modulation is used which has the nature of the modulated signal amplitude varies with variation in the signal amplitude information. The second type of radio receiver is an FM radio if the modulation frequency modulation is used, the frequency of the modulated signal varies with the signal amplitude variations information. Radio frequency carrier amplitude modulation (AM) in the range of 535 to 1605 kHz. Carrier frequency of 540 kHz to 1600 characterized by intervals of 10 kHz. FM radio has a band of 88 to 108 MHz between television channels 6 and 7 VHF. FM stations are marked with a flashlight at 200 kHz frequency separation starts at 88.1 MHz for a maximum of 100 stations. FM station has a maximum deviation of 75 kHz from 25 kHz frequency flashlights upper and lower "guide lines" to minimize interaction with the frequency band setting. Understanding information is transmitted from the AM radio station AM radio, electrically sound image (taken from a microphone or any other program sources) are used to modulate the amplitude of a carrier wave is then transmitted from the transmitting antenna radio station. This contrasts with the FM radio signal which is used for the modulation of the carrier frequency. The spectrum of frequencies between 535 kHz and 1605 kHz and the carrier wave are separated by 10 kHz. Radio receiver can tune to receive one of a number of radio carrier frequency in the reception area. This makes it practical to move the signal from the carrier frequency of the radio medium in the process now where the heterodyne. Hetero-dyne receiver, most electronically maintain Mene-middle frequency setting that's just a fraction of As with receiver circuit must be set when the station changed. Heterodyne Heterodyne Principle Radio is broadcast signal transfer method from a local carrier at intermediate frequencies specified in the receiver so that the receiver does not have many set back when the channel changed. Interference of two waves will produce a frequency kites and this technique provides the radio settings to force a particular radio frequency generating kites called intermediate frequency or IF abbreviated. Elektromanetik carrier wave that carries the signal with the help of amplitude modulation or frequency modulation of the carrier signal can move in different frequency by a process called heterodyning. The move was met with mixed carrier modulated with a different frequency of a sine wave. This process produces kites frequency equal to the difference between frequencies. Mixing the beats coming from the carrier frequency and the local oscillator produces intermediate frequency (IF), the amount fixed. Most radio receivers can be constructed to use the radio signal that much. Local oscillator frequency is set to produce the same beats with fixed frequency IF. By heterodyning system with just one radio receiver, can be set for reception of local radio stations anywhere, but if it does not use heterodyning would require a radio receiver for each transmitter station. Radio Signal Radio communication is generally in the form of transmission of AM or FM radio. Single broadcast signal, thus a monophonic audio signal, can be done with direct amplitude modulation or frequency modulation. Provides a more complex transmission lines that emerge from the sum and difference frequencies resulting superposition of multiple carrier wave signal. For example in stereo FM transmission, the number of left and right channels (L + R) is used for frequency modulation of the carrier and separate sub-carrier at 38 kHz is also superimposed on the carrier. Sub-carrier is modulated with the difference signal (LR) so ditransimisikan signal into separate left and right to produce stereo at diplayback. In television transmission, the three signals must be sent to the carrier, namely audio, image intensity and chrominance images. This process uses two sub-carriers. Other transmissions such as satellite TV and telephone transmission distance using a lot of sub-carriers to transmit multiple signals simultaneously. AM radio uses electricity picture of a sound source with an amplitude modulated carrier wave. At the end of the receiver in the detection process this image released back of the carrier and tuned back into sound by loudspeakers.

electronic circuits

This article I want to discuss about electronic circuits. It has been quite a lot of what I discussed in previous articles, but when I look, it turns out that I have not discussed what electronic circuits. Now before I go any further, let's first look at computer or a television. We can see in it a series of foreign objects attached to a pair of printed circuit boards. These objects exist elliptic, long box, square, flat, and there are many of them unique shape. The objects are arranged neatly and row located, quite interesting to see. These objects are called electronic components, such as resistors, capacitors, diodes, transistors, ICs and other components. From the description above, it can be concluded that the electronic circuit is a circuit that consists of a variety of electronic components are arranged in such a way in order to function in accordance with the wishes of the designer. Basically, in the field of electronics, especially regarding how series an electronic device, all electronic components are not described in terms of real physical, but manifested in the scheme, called schema electronics.

As shown above, all of the components are not depicted real, but only in the form of symbols, codes, symbols, and other signs that each has its own meaning. In making electronic circuits, based on experience, usually people think that by putting a few pieces of the components according to drawing schematics, he will be convinced that trial be successful. Technically might be able to succeed by chance, but if a failure he can not do anything about it. In studying electronic circuit, but to be able to read schematics drawings, also must understand the type of components to be used in electronic circuits to be made. Furthermore it should be noted that other support tools are tools such as screwdrivers, pliers, soldering, saws, hammers, and others. There should also note that the electronic components on the market, in general, not always in good condition. Components to be used should be checked first with a gauge called AVO meter or multi meter. This tool is absolutely necessary for you if you like assemble an electronic device. Because if not on the test used to measure it, the possibility of failure can occur. Similarly, a brief description of these electronic circuits. Hopefully useful. Also follow any other articles that may be helpful for those of you about electronic aids.

First time TV service

First time TV service
Electronic Components is the smallest part of an electronic circuit, or electronic components can be said to be the elements that make up an electronic circuit. If the electronic circuits that have a specific function are collected and form an electronic system, the electronic system is called a plane, for example: Aircraft Television formed from a collection of circuits that has a function as a tuner, IF, AGC, etc.. Electronic components that make up a television receiver, and there are a variety of different types, here the components are grouped by type for easy to search. Each component is discussed and described in detail, where any discussion of how characteristics include, among others, what basic ingredients, how the physical form and how the schematic drawing, how to find persamaanya if you can not find the same components etc, besides every ahir description is also shown what damage possible and often happens on these components, so it can help in the repair process. The components that make up a television set, among others: Passive components Resistors, Variable Resistor, Capacitor Active components Diodes, Transistors, ICs Inductor / Transformer Inductor, Transformer, Coil, Degausing Coil, Yoke, Flyback Transformer Display Seven Segment, CRT, LCD, Plasma Display Special component Relay, Opto Coupler, Cristal, Cristal Filter, Saw Filter, Delay Line Television is a broadcast tentacle picture. Word comes from the word tele television and vision; away with their respective sense (tele) and visible (vision). So mean visual or television can be seen from a distance. Findings television wheels aligned with the findings, because these findings could change the world civilization. Beginning from television of course can not be separated from the discovery of policy, law of electromagnetic waves discovered by Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday (1831) which is the beginning of the era of electronic communication. Then a row found cathode ray tube (CRT), the black and white television and color television system. Certainly the development of knowledge will continue to grow especially with the discovery of the LCD, which makes the TV in this day and age getting thinner with the photos that are not less good thing with the TV tube.

So at this time we should know very well about the TV system because almost all households have good black and white TV or a color. the types of damage and I know the damage:

Good Tips Techniques Basic Service TV BASIC AND ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES AND HOW TO FIX IT Here is a basic technique to analyze how the damage to the television: -The types of damage and I know the damage: 1. Totally dead. if the television suddenly dies, the first thing to do is: a. open smua existing couplers. b. see if the fuse / fuse broken, if broken try to replace with the same size trus ampere turn on. if the fuse broke again means local power supply is defective. The fix: Try measuring the besar.ukurannya elco 100uf/400v.ukur usually alternating avometer use a scale of 10 ohm.jika both disconnected likely broken diode or transistor. - Try test / measuring diodes that are near the switch on / off, there are 4 pieces . use avometer on a scale of 10 ohm.ukur alternating balik.jika rusak.ganti connect with both mean the same size. - Try measuring transistor large, footed tiga.ukur leg number 2 and 3 alternating use a scale of 10 ohm.jika avometer means rusak.ganti connect both with the same number. - If the measured elco already disconnected mean suply already bagus.coba turn on again - If still want Flash ndak try measuring the existing horizontal transistors deket plyback.caranya replace damaged diatas.jika equal with the number who tried to turn on lagi.insyaallh tv sama.trus can dah flame. Search Procedures Damage Efficiency measures required in the repair procedure is as follows.

1) The state of disorder known When receiving a TV that would be serviced, listen / check damage from consumer to facilitate easy inspection.

2) Estimate of Damaged Block The TV is turned on, set the controls noise, contrast, brightness and color. See symptoms appear on the TV screen for guessing which part is damaged. Make appropriate estimates of damaged block table damage.

3) Divide A Damaged Blocks Despite a series of suspicious has been determined, but the area being examined is extensive. Therefore, the more efficient the damaged part to be found if the area being examined more limited.

4) Find the section of Damaged After creating a suspected area more narrow, measuring voltage and resistance using Multitester. Block TV Color television system using three signals to work perfectly, the three signals are: • Signal sound carrier (FM) • picture carrier signal (AM) • Signal luminance (brightness) and chrominance signals synchronization (carrier color) In general, these signals are known as Signal Audio, Video Signal luminance (brightness) and chrominance signals Video (color), and thanks to the three signals allow us to see color images and hear sounds. The three signals are processed by different circuits, in which each series are grouped by function, but today most television is used in circuits that pack in an IC / Single chip that can hardly identify which parts of its part again unless we have a question or television schematic datasheets of Chip / IC is used. In addition to the three signal processing above, the television also has circuits horizontal deflection vetikal and useful for generating raster images on the tube, and - although it was not a major part of a television receiver - block remote-control circuit along controlnya also includes a series of very important the television generation. Here (in stages) discussed each function of blocks of color television sets where each block will be discussed in depth and detail, in addition to the discussion in ahir each block would show the symptoms if the block in question there is damage that will facilitate in the repair process. Below is shown a block diagram of PAL TV receiver. To go into further discussion you can right click on any image above or use the menu-in addition to the blocks or the link below Tuner RF amplifier, Mixer, Local Oscillator The series of Sound 5.5Mhz detector, Sound IF amplifier, FM detector, amplifier noise Circuit of Figure Picture IF amplifier, Video detector, AFT, AGC, Upholstery Video, Delay Line The series of Color Reproduction Amplifier Band-Pass, Element 1H delay, adder circuit-Deduction, phase switching circuit 180, Upholstery burs, Oscillator 4.43Mhz, UV amplifier, demodulator Synchronization circuit Toll Sync Separator, vertical pulse circuits, pulse circuits Horizontal Deflection Yoke Flyback Transformer Flyback transformer CRT tube Delta Type, Type In-Line, In-Line Type Trinitron The series of Power Supply Rectifier, regulator The type of Television Receivers Basically, television receiver system was divided into two, namely: Television black and white In black and white television images can not be viewed in accordance with the original color. Anything that looks dilayar glass looks just black and white. It is very different with color television, color picture that is displayed on screen will look similar to the originals. Color television picture we see on the television screen is a result of production from a camera. Object snapshot camera lens will be separated into three basic colors, namely red (R = red), green (G = green), and blue (B = blue). This separation results will be transmitted by television transmitter. Color TV transmitters emit signals: Audio (voice) Luminansi (image brightness) Krominansi (color) Sync (vertical / horizontal) Burst In color television receiver, all natural colors that have been separated into basic colors R (red), G (green), and B (blue) will be added back to the network color matrix to produce luminance signal Y and two signal krominansi, that V and U according to the following equation: Y = G+ 0.11BV +0.59 +0.30 R = 0.877 (R - Y) U = 0.493 (B-Y) In addition to pictures, television transmitters also carry voice signals are transmitted together with the picture signal in frequency modulation (FM) to avoid noise (noise) and interference. To transmit this signal, the transmitter and receiver must have the same color and sound. The system would have to follow a global standard and. In the picture there are several delivery systems, including: NTSC, PAL and SECAM.

Selasa, 22 Januari 2013

HP charger is broken

In light post this time we will discuss about how to fix the HP charger is broken or how to deal with a dead cell phone charger and it can not be used. Cell phone charger is an important device that is sometimes forgotten. When the charger is broken, we are frantically looking for a loan for a new charger to suit our HP. Price cell phone charger is quite affordable, ranging from 15 thousand to the good quality the price is rather expensive. But if we are concerned there is no longer time to buy a charger or no money, it does not hurt to try to fix it yourself. I've tried several times to fix HP's own charger and it turns out the average successful. The damage is not too serious and still be able to look for replacement parts. I used to have ever been written about the damage mobile phone charger here: Mobile Charger Damage Service. Damage HP charger is somewhat different from the notebook charger damage. Okay, now we continue with a discussion of how to fix the HP charger is broken, here I take the example of the portable charger is often called desktop charger. The advantages of the HP type desktop charger is that it can be used for various types of batteries. If we buy a new one, it costs about 15-25 thousand. Here we try to fix it yourself, which costs only 200 dollars needed to buy a resistor. I think we've unpacked charger, just look for the resistor is installed in series with the AC socket (socket that will be connected to the electricity grid). In many cases, resistors with low resistance values which were damaged. The function of the resistor that is the fuse, so if there is a voltage spike can lead to broken resistor. Try replaced with a new resistor, usually charger is able to power up. The fuse resistor resistance value between 0.1 to 10 ohms. If it is not broke resistors, other breakable parts like tiny transistors on the converter or a diode rectifier.

the power up and down

If you find out what caused the power up and down like so many factors that can influence it. PLN's existing residents in homes with an electrical alternating current (AC) voltage which at times can be up and down because of the surge. The cause electrical shorting or fire due to electric short circuit sometimes has something to do with the voltage that is less stable. If we look at the cause, it's nothing to do with the PLN power plants, due to the large supply that must be met resulting in a decline in tension, especially in the evening hours. Location away from the center of power and cabling system is less than perfect can also cause unstable voltage. For example, a rural region that is far from the main mast, or the installation of sub-standard cables then chances are greater the voltage fluctuates. The impact of the electricity up and down is very pronounced in electronics devices, such as a television or computer, it's no wonder that we find hard drives or computer sound off. The existence of voltage spikes that can lead to sudden supply voltage into unstable electronic device, generally is damage caused both serious and mild. In severe cases will result in a short-circuit and burn, so do not be surprised if a fire due to electrical short connected. To overcome the problem of unstable electricity can use a voltage stabilizer or better using UPS.

Filaments CRT

Filaments CRT or CRT heater lamp is an important part in a series of television or computer monitor with a CRT screen. Filament lamp can be ignited by the heater voltage from the transformer converter or if the television set comes from the flyback. Voltage type on a computer monitor is not the same as the filament in the TV set. If the computer monitor filament lamps using DC voltage 6.3 volt, but if the TV set is turned on the lamp filament AC voltage is about 5 volts coming from FBT / flyback. If a CRT is used for too long or very long service life, it can cause damage to the filament lamp / light heater. Problems arising from damage to the filament can be characterized by the display image on the screen becomes dim / dark at all. To overcome the problem of an already weak filament lamp can be done with a bit of modification to the voltage heater. Can by grafting or by lowering the heater resistance value resistor on heater voltage lines. That's a little discussion about the heater lamp or filament lamp CRT monitors and televisions.

car battery into electricity

If you are looking for a change of the current series of car battery into electricity or a tool that can change the battery voltage to the voltage, the answer is an inverter circuit. Inverters are electronic devices that function convert DC voltage into a high voltage AC power. Inverter circuit currents can change the batteries into AC power inverter or transformer because of the step-up transformer in it. An inverter is usually also serves as a charger batteries, so if the batteries in a fully charged state voltage, then the inverter circuit may be an appropriate charger. Learn more about understanding the inverter can you read my previous article about the inverter circuit. Where in the article I have discussed about the inverter circuit, so it seems I need not repeat here. The type of inverter circuit that can be covered in the market so many kinds. Starting from a small power inverter circuit to good quality and of course sold at higher prices. In addition to buying an inverter that has been in the form of goods, you can also self-assemble an inverter circuit according to need. Especially if you are someone who has a hobby with electronic circuits, it will not find it difficult to create your own inverter circuit for personal purposes such as to change the flow of the car battery for example.

broken DVD player

This afternoon all of a sudden someone came who said he had a broken DVD player and that is always turned on the message 'no disc'. Actually I am a bit lazy to visit his house, but because it is the responsibility, so how else would. I relented and came to his house to check the condition of the DVD player. It turns out that the new DVD he brought yesterday from Yogyakarta, but there he was fine. After arriving in Gunung kidul, he does not want to turn round and always display the message 'no disc'. My assumption, so the possibility is still there, because the first item is still nice suddenly broken like that. However, if the damaged usually rare VCD player I received as likely to be very small. Moreover, if the damage is already in block m-peg or power supply, it should look similar to the type can be used to replace it. But that is because the new DVD is broken one day, is likely to flare again is still there, I hope. Soon I open the casing, was indeed looking into the dusty and dirty. Even a lot of dust that covers the mechanics to optical. After I saw the optical, the disease apparently in sight. Optical lens is covered by a thick dust, which is likely due to too much tilted at the time taken to make the dirt stuck in the optical. I immediately wash with brush, washed with optical cleaning, and I turn it on.

blender crash damaged

It's been very long time I think I did not write about the person who tinkers electronics items on this blog, this time I will archive service blender is about to die, because some time ago there was a patient who complained blender crash damaged and can not function normally. judging from the damage seems indeed to fix the blender a bit easier than other electronic devices. The main component of the blend comprises an electric motor with the coil, as well as some motor speed control switch. Of damage is seen that the total dead blender, then there is a possibility that problems in the power cord, switch, or the electric motor. After I unloaded and carefully, it turns out both the cable and the switch still works fine. Seen physically, bike condition was not burned, the coil is still intact. Almost despaired at not finding a bright spot, but eventually I compared the concept of working the blender that is almost similar to the fan. If the fan if it would not turn, could have damaged the capacitor part to a drop spindle. Soon I was unloading rotor electric motor, and it turns out after the open-open interior, electric motor blender is indeed having problems. On the connection between the wire cable leading email with the switch having some sort of corrosion that can not be connected properly. Soon I cleaned and re-solder, all I suspected all parts re-solder. And apparently normal blender can be lit up again, so the repair was finished off blender that turns somewhat time consuming.

speaker is dead because

Today was pretty busy, from early morning until 5 pm today I was busy working on a side project that is improving electronic devices. Starting from broken TVs, computers, to active speaker should die my fix. There are new things that I have found that damage to the digital model of the active speaker. I unpack just once active speakers with digital models include a remote control. Damage from the active speaker is totally dead. I thought that causes the active speaker is dead because the power supply is not working. But after I turned out the block power supply loading and having no problems. All components are intact and the voltage of the power supply is also normal. Not being met solving problems, I continue checking on the front cover which is also the place all the controls like volume, mute, and other controls that everything is digital. Once I open it and measure, it should be 5 volts voltage is not up to the digital blocks that eventually I call block program. What I suspect is likely to sprawl on the socket, so that the voltage of the power supply can not be entered into the program board. Old sort, eventually causing death-even powered speakers I have encountered is because there is one line of PCB on the block breaking program. PCB track is quite small and the 'hidden', so it was not so apparent when viewed from the outside. Following this section, I continued, was able to re-ignite the speakers. And I continue to work even with a remote control with microphone fix the damaged well together.

cable TV is broken

One of the biggest obstacles when doing television repair, especially the antenna, antenna cable and antenna booster is the time to determine whether the cable is good or defective. Damaged here means the cable is broken, but because the fibers are broken it is, so it will not be visible when viewed from the outside, because the wires are still good physical condition. Signs damaged cable television usually can be seen from the channel or TV broadcast can not be captured by television, or TV images to black-and-white and full of noise. The things that cause the cable TV is broken is because the antenna is usually mounted on the outside of the house, causing brittle wires by rain and hot sun. There is a simple way to detect damage to the antenna cable, looking exactly which parts of the cord are damaged. The way I used to check the antenna cable that has long been used and know where the part to be cut or spliced. Unfortunately not, if you have to buy a new cable when the cable length can still be used? The trick is to use an analog multimeter, needle or small knife. First pull both ends of the wires so close together, and then tie the multimeter probe on one end of the cable, then the only probe that we will use to measure move along the wires. Then point the multimeter to measure the position of OHM, please note that the antenna cables are often damaged fibers are broken at the surface. So ignore the core part, we will measure the outer fibrous part (the part that wraps). Now after one multimeter probe mounted on the end of the cable, use a needle or a knife to stab the section you want to measure, for example, we take the middle part. Once the needle is attached to the cable, be sure that the needle of the fiber inside the cable, then connect the multimeter probe (measuring whether disconnected or not). Well, by the above we can see which parts of a broken cable, or the way in measuring needles on the cable move.

Image closed temporarily corrugated blue sounds good

Image closed temporarily corrugated blue sounds good, there is a wave of color display screen that moves. Damage such as this picture will emerge after the TV is set up for a while. While people think that this kind of damage because there is damage to the video ic, or ic croma / layperson would think the screen is broken. Apparently after I come across so many cases of this kind of damage is any damage to the filter regulator suply elco Ic croma. Damage is most visible elco with damaged eye that elco that changes shape, color elcon elco or physical disability, pregnancy or the skin would peel. Replace it all elco such disrepair that there is no sign that the new elco same value price is not expensive anyway, but in this elco replacement was to consider is the position of the negative and positive. should not be to the upside. So before you take off elco which would be replaced should be considered a positive negative position. (The upside of this could be put elco fatal damage)

tv there is sound but no picture

Damage tv there is sound but no picture, if the image does not appear the tv is turned on there is a sound like the radio, the screen does not come out the same light caecal like tv is not turned on, this kind of damage is common in some brands of tv. The layman thinks that the tv screen damaged or faulty IC picture. But from experience at my desk all this time I've encountered a lot of damage as it turns out the damage tv is not difficult. Ok. simply how to handle it Unplug the TV from the electrical contacts, and open stock closed casing. Clean the machine that much dust using a dry brush. Try Tv turned on and check the voltage G2nya good check to see if the filament voltage or hitler screen. For Lg Tv I was dealing with apparently normal G2nya voltage. After checking my screen turns filament voltage zero volts. And as soon as I noticed the filament screen does not light up at all, I just sort line and it is true there is a dropped Resistor, because the value of the resistor is not readable then I replace it with a 2.2 ohm resistor 2 what. Remember when replacing parts Tv must be switched off and be safe during the process of replacing the stock components tv relationships I unplug electrical contacts. When finished installing the new parts, I turn on the tv and have come up with the perfect image. Because the image is still good so I did not do scren setting and focus. My tv lid back and ready for submission to the owner as well as receive money.

Minggu, 09 Desember 2012

CRT connector loose

CRT connector loose
Perhaps we often hear people say "oh TVku broken tube". The question that arises then, is it true they were broken TV tube. The answer can not be yes.Sometimes we do not see the whole screen (distressed / or folding) so that there is a black part on the top or bottom, sometimes if the damage is severe can only horizontal lines across the TV screen kita.Orang that do not exist that we diagnose the faulty tube tv.TV we are not broken but the broken tube in the vertical sync.Then there is also a screen that pressed the left or right section. It's also not because of damage to the tube. For this there are several possible damage broken: can the horizontal, Fly back transformers, power supplies, or perhaps just an electrical voltage in your home are too ngedrop.Then the trapezoidal or depressed left, right, up and down. Typically for this damage often occurs due to the deflection coil short / shorting because this emailnya.kerusakan peeling layers if left unchecked will spread to the horizontal and the other or worse tv will make us totally dead.Subsequent damage is the dominant color tv looks a certain color or no color that is unusual or loss of color. For this damage could be a tube television is really broken. but it helps us to diagnose their own destruction if we simply understand a little knowledge of electronics.To damage this color, it needs to do is look at what the dominant color or color of what was lost. (Red, green, blue) because it is technically a color tv is the merger of the three elements of color.Once we know what color is missing, we can do the next step is to try to repair or call a service when we are not able to fix it.The question may be how to find the damage or repair this damage?Here I will try to write a little trouble shooting on this type of damage is simple:after we open the casing, the rear of the tube there is a small PCB and attached to the back of the tube. It is the color of the amplifier PCB. usually frequent breakdowns there. The first step to do is clean the surface of the PCB deengan thiner, then doing strengthening soldiran there by way of re-soldering the legs disana.keretakan soldiran components that are not clearly visible to the eye can cause color damage earlier. and sometimes to move sdh damage can be resolved. Nb: for TV brands National / Panasonic usually this step can not recover damages even if the damage is the loss soldiran initially. steps to be taken is to replace the transistor amplifier in the PCB color (red, green, blue) all three at once.If after repeated soldir but the color is still not normal, now it's our turn to check it true that we are indeed broken TV tube or indeed any other damage. The trick is quite simple.Take our multi meter cable, which can be black or merah.kemudian plug one end on the ground from our TV (casing), then turn on the TV, then one end of the cable before we plug it into the tube cathode leg is in a small PCB earlier. There are 3 cathode there, red, green, and blue. Usually written in PCB KR for red cathode (red), KB for blue cathode (blue) and KG for green cathode (green). Note the screen changes when we do this step. Dominant color will display red when we plug in the cathode was red, as well as for other colors.If the color on the screen does not change when we plug it into the cathode, should be suspected damage to the tube (screen) from our tv. Although it can happen from pin CRT connector loose.When we express diagnostics our TV tube is not damaged, we can do small repairs to replace an active / passive is in the little PCB. Usually transistors often broken. If we can not or are afraid to do it, we can call a service person. armed with a mild diagnosis we had we could argue if the technician / handyman service we declare tube / tv screen is broken.

Rabu, 21 November 2012

Sawtooth wave oscillator

Sawtooth wave oscillator

The figure on the left shows the case that the A point is positive voltage.
When the A point is positive voltage, the electric current flows to the capacitor(C) through D1 and R1. When the value of R2 is small compared with R1, the B point falls to the negative voltage at short time.

The A point changes into the negative voltage rapidly when the B point falls to the negative voltage and the positive input terminal of IC1 falls below a few 0 V.
For the positive input terminal of IC1 to fall below 0 V, the condition of R3>R4 is necessary.

The figure on the left shows the case that the A point is negative voltage.
When the A point is negative voltage, the electric current flows from the capacitor(C) through D2 and R2. When R2 is big compared with R1, the B point becomes the positive voltage, doing comparative slow.

The A point changes into the positive voltage rapidly when the B point rises to the positive voltage and the positive input terminal of IC1 exceeds a few 0 V.
For the positive input terminal of IC1 to exceed 0 V, the condition of R3>R4 is necessary.

wave oscillator

In this page, I introduce the sawtooth wave oscillator which used the operational amplifier (TL082).
The composition of this circuit is the same as the triangular wave oscillator basically and is using two operational amplifiers. At the circuit diagram above, IC(1/2) is the Schmitt circuit and IC(2/2) is the integration circuit.
The difference with the triangular wave oscillator is to be changing the time of the charging and the discharging of the capacitor. When the output of IC(1/2) is positive voltage, it charges rapidly by the small resistance(R1) value.(When the integration output voltage falls) When the output of IC(1/2) is negative voltage, it is made to charge gradually at the big resistance(R2) value. The output waveform of the integration circuit becomes a form like the tooth of the saw.
Such voltage is used for the control of the electron beam (the scanning line) of the television, too.
When picturing a picture at the cathode-ray tube, an electron beam is moved comparative slow.(When the electron beam moves from the left to the right on the screen)
When turning back, it is rapidly moved.(When moving from the right to the left)

Like the triangular wave oscillator, the line voltage needs both of the positive power supply and the negative power supply. Also, to work in the oscillation, the condition of R3>R4 is necessary. However, when making the value of R4 small compared with R3, the output voltage becomes small. The near value is good for R3 and R4. You may make opposite if not oscillating using the resistor with the same value. The circuit diagram above is using the resistor with the value which is different to make oscillate surely.

When calculating at the value which is shown with the circuit diagram,
the oscillation frequency is as follows.
f = (1/2C(R1+R2))x(R3/R4)

= (1/(2x0.1x10-6x(5.6x103+100x103))x(120x103/100x103)

= (1/(21.12x10-3))x1.2

= 56.8 Hz

Large Scale Integration

Levels of Integration

ICs are categorized according to their circuit complexity which can be measured by the number of electronic components contained in the package. The process of integration can be classified as small, medium, large, very large, or super large.

Small-Scale Integration (SSI) – SSI devices contain several independent electronic components in a single package. The inputs and outputs are connected directly to the pins in the package. The number of components is less than 10 in every package. Logic Gates like inverters, AND gate, OR gate and etc. are products of SSI.

Medium Scale Integration (MSI) – MSI devices has a complexity of 10 to 100 electronic components in a single package. They usually perform basic and specific digital operations and includes decoders, adders, counters, multiplexers, and demultiplexers.

Large Scale Integration (LSI) – Products of LSI contain between 100 and 10,000 electronic components in a single package. They include memory modules, I/O controllers, and 4-bit microprocessor systems.

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) – Devices that are results of VLSI contain between 10,000 and 300,000 electronic components. VLSI produces large memory modules and 8bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit microprocessor systems.

Super Large Scale Integration (SLSI) – This kind is a new type of integration which produces ICs having more than 300,000 electronic components in one package. Examples of devices which use SLSI are 64-bit microprocessor systems and microcontrollers.

Common Kinds of Integrated Circuits

Voltage Regulator – A voltage regulator IC is a three-terminal linear IC which is capable of providing extremely stable voltage supply. Many different voltage regulator ICs that can supply load currents from 100mA to 3A are available commercially. This type of ICs commonly has a feature called thermal shutdown. When the internal temperature of the IC reaches a certain temperature (typically +175 deg. Celsius), the regulator shuts down and prevents the chip from getting any hotter. This protects the IC from excessively high value of heat which may destroy it and damage the connected circuit or load. The LM340 series is a popular series of voltage regulator ICs. They provide regulated voltages of 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, and 24V. Common applications of voltage regulator ICs include power supplies.

Operational Amplifier (OP Amp) – OP Amps are the most commonly used type of linear IC. It is a type of amplifier with a high gain, which means that the ratio of the output to input voltage is in high percentage. Aside from being amplifiers, OP Amps can also be used as voltage comparators.

Logic IC – This type of integrated circuit is the commonly used of all digital ICs. These ICs contain gates which correspond to the logic functions of AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR, and NOT. Other types of digital ICs are created by creating different combinations of these logic gates.

Multiplexer – A multiplexer is a type of digital IC which contains combinational circuit that selects binary information from one of many inputs and directs it to a single output line (many to one). Multiplexer ICs have select pins that determine which of the many inputs should be selected as the output.

Demultiplexer – Demultiplexer IC is the counterpart of multiplexer IC. It accepts one input and directs the input to many output lines (one to many).

Decoder – Decoder ICs are kinds of digital ICs that are capable of converting binary information to a format which is understandable by humans. For example, the binary digit 0101 can be decoded by a decoder IC and be displayed as a numeric number 5 in a 7-segment display component.

Adder/Subtractor – These are digital ICs that perform the basic operation of binary addition and subtraction. There are no ICs which can perform multiplication and division operations but these mathematical functions can be performed by using Adder and Subtractor ICs along with other ICs like counters.

Flip-flop – Flip-flops are the basic elements of a sequential logic circuit. They are digital devices which produces outputs in reaction to a series of inputs. Unlike logic gates, they do not have predetermined output values because their output depends on the sequence of inputs. Flip-flops are contained in different IC packages.

Counter – Counters are created through the combination of different flip-flops. Counters produces a string of outputs which follows a specific pattern. For example, the output of a counter IC may be from 0000 to 1111 (that is a count from 0 to 15).

Registers – Registers serves a storage of bits of information. They are often associated with clocks and mainly composed of flip-flops. Register ICs come in different packages which have different storage capacities.

Clocks/Timers – These are ICs which are capable of producing signals which could serve as inputs to other ICs or gates. Clock signals are commonly used to synchronize the operations of a sequential circuit.

LM386

This is the low frequency power amplifier of which the penumbra article can be composed without using it hardly.
The about 660-mW output can be gotten with the 16-ohm speaker.

This circuit is used for the simple monitor and so on.
The impedance (4-ohm and 8-ohm, and so on), the output power of the speaker and so on are specified by the standard but are OK rather than strict. Because the sound cracks (warping) when presenting the output above the rating, it uses naturally within the standard.
When conscious of the timbre and the output power, it is better not to do the use of this circuit.

The use example : TV sound monitor circuit of Frequency divider and so on.

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Data for LM386

Operating voltage range : 4 to 12V(LM386NN)
5 to 18V(LM386N-4)
Current in the standing still : 4mA(typ)
Package : 8 pins
Plastic DIL(code N)

The maximun rating (Ta=25°C)
Vs : 15V(LM386N) Tstg : -65 to +150°C

22V(LM386N-4)
Tj : 150°C
PD* : 660mW(LM386N)
Rth(j-a) : 187°C/W(LM386N)

1.25W(LM386N-4)

100°C/W(LM386n-4)
VIN : ±0.4V
Tpin : 300°C.10sec
Topt : 0 to +70°C
* : Ta = 25°C