PULSE Sources

PULSE Sources

This type of source can be either a voltage or a current source. We often use it as a stimulus for transient response simulation of a circuit. It should never be used in a frequency response study because the model assumes it is in the time domain. The designation of the pulse source starts as any other independent source; i.e., the part name must begin with the letter V (for voltage) or I (for current). This is followed by the node names. Then, instead of "DC" or "AC," we use the keyword "PULSE" followed by the necessary parameter list. Items in the parameter list may be separated by spaces or commas. An example of a pulse type of voltage source follows:



The parameters for the pulse (to be entered in the order given) are:

V1 is the value when the pulse is not "on." This can be zero or negative as required. For a pulsed current source, the units would be "amps" instead of "volts."
V2 is the value when the pulse is fully turned on. This can also be zero or negative. (Obviously, V1 and V2 should not be equal.) Again, the units would be "amps" if this were a current pulse.
Td is the time delay. The default units are seconds. The time delay may be zero, but not negative.
Tr is the rise time of the pulse. PSpice allows this value to be zero, but zero rise time may cause convergence problems in some transient analysis simulations; i.e., there is a very good reason for the existence of this parameter. The default units are seconds.
Tf is the fall time in seconds of the pulse. See note on Tr before setting this to zero.
Tw is the pulse width. This is the time in seconds that the pulse is fully on.
Period is the total time in seconds of the pulse. Be aware that the pulse repeats if the simulation time exceeds the period.

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Zener Voltage

Zener Voltage
Zener diode is a diode that has the characteristics of the channel the electrical current flowing in the opposite direction when the applied voltage overshoot "breakdown voltage" (breakdown voltage) or "Zener voltage". This is different from ordinary diode which only transmits electrical current to one direction.

Diodes usually will not drain the electrical current to flow in the opposite if the reverse-biased (reverse-biased) below the breakdown voltage. If the operating voltage exceeds the limit, regular diode will be damaged because of excess electrical current that causes heat. However, this process is reversible if it is done within your limits. In the case of rationing-forward (in the direction of the arrow), this diode will provide voltage drop (voltage drop) of about 0.6 volts for a normal silicon diode. The voltage drop depends on the type of diode used.

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semiconductor components

The simplest semiconductor components, it consists of two (2) the cathode and anode electrodes.

End of the body diode is usually given a marked, a bracelet or a point, which indicates the location of the cathode.

Diodes can only DC current flowing in the direction of course, in the reverse direction DC current will not flow. If the silicon diode is energized AC currents of electricity, then that flow only in one direction only so that the flow of DC current output diode.

When given the potential positive anode and negative cathode, said diode is forward biased and when given the contrary, is said to be reverse biased diode. On the forward bias, the difference between the cathode and the anode voltage is called threshold voltage or knee voltage. Large voltage depends on the type of diode, can be 0.2V, 0.6V and so on.


When the diodes are reverse biased (which vary depending on supply voltage voltagenya) reverse voltage is called voltage. This reverse voltage must not exceed a certain price, this price is called the breakdown voltage, eg 50V sebasar 1N4001 diode type.

Eg type germanium diodes type 1N4148 or 1N60 when given forward bias can forward radio frequency vibrations, and when a forward bias is removed, will block the radio frequency vibrations. The existence of these properties, diode types are used for switches.

Zener diode is a diode which has the property that rollovers are very stable voltage, this voltage is called the zener voltage. Above the zener voltage, this diode will deliver electricity in two directions. This diode is used as a voltage stabilizer or voltage regulator. These diodes form a diode as usual, the difference can be seen only from the type that is written on bodynya and zener voltage seen at vademicum.
Resistors

In the market there are different types of resistors, can be classified into two kinds of fixed resistors is the resistor value detainees remains and anyone can diaturatur by hand, there is also a change in the value of prisoners is set automatically by light or by temperature.

Resistor color code is usually written in roundabout budaran shaped bracelet or can be color. The units used are OHM (Ω). Unless the amount of resistance, a resistor is characterized by tolerance, also written in the form of bands of color after the sign of resistance.

The next parameter is the magnitude of the resistor the maximum power allowed to pass through. Regarding the maximum power is not supplied by the manufacturer's mark but only seen from demensinya only. Resistors there who have the ability 1 / 8 Watt, 1 / 4 Watt, 1 / 2 Watt, 1 Watt, 2 Watt, 5 Watt, and so on.

The color code for tolerance is is as follows:

1 percent = Chocolate
2 percent = Red
5 percent = Gold
10 percent = Silver

Material for wire-wound resistors may be used or can be prisoners with carbon. With the coil wire resistance, then, unless the resistance, inductance will also give you a little. At this time the use of carbon resistors are not widely available in the market.
Variable Resistor (VR)

Resistor value of this type can be set by hand, if arrangements can be made at any time by the operator (there is a key regulator) is called a potentiometer and an arrangement made with a screwdriver called a trimmer potentiometer (trimpot). Prisoners in the potentiometer can be made from carbon and there are also made from coils of wire called a wirewound potentiometer. For use in high voltage usually preferred wirewound types.
Sensitive Resistor Temperature and Light Sensitive Resistors

Thermistor resistance value depends on the temperature. There are two types of NTC (negative temperature coefficient) and PTC (positive temperature coefficient). NTC little resistance when hot and cold getting bigger. Instead PTC little resistance when cold and expand when hot.

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Voltage Impulses

Forms of Voltage Impulses

There are three forms inpuls voltage that may be experienced in the electric power system, namely:
1. Lightning impulse voltage
2. Surge impulse voltage circuit
3. Truncated impulse voltage

Wavefronts are part of a wave that starts from point zero (nominal) to the point of peak (according to IEC determined from the nominal point of intersection between the axis of time with the straight line connecting the 30% and 90% of peak voltage). While the tail is part of the wave peak to wave down 50% from the peak point. The wave form is expressed as:
± (x Tt Tf) ms. [IEC: ± (1.2 x 50) ms]

Circuit used for surge value:
[IEC: ± (250 x 2500) ms]
Tools that can be used to generate a high voltage impulse among others:
1. RC impulse generators
2. Impulse generator RLC
3. Marx Generator
2.
5. How to Measure Voltage Impulse

a. Using Sela Ball

Sela ball is often used to measure the impulse voltage. Sela ball must always ditera with voltage spark between the ball 50% of the standard. Sela standard ball is a ball broke in qualifying standards regarding:
1. Quality
2. The distance between
3. The size of the ball

In certain circumstances the air, between the ball always has a certain spark voltage as well. That is why the sidelines ball can be used as a measuring tool.

Form of the condition of the ball electrode
Terms:
1. Its surface is slippery
2. Flat arches
3. The surface of the ball must be free of dust, oil, etc.
4. Prisoners damper installed in series with the minimum distance 2d
(D = diameter) of the ball is measured from the point where there is a spark.
a. The test voltage ac = 100 kW s / d 1000 kW
b. Impulse test voltage 500 W

b. Using a CRO

By using Chatode-Ray Oscillograph (CRO) we can:
- Voltage peak
- Waveform
- The lack of impulse shape abnormalities (describing damage to test equipment)
CRO can only measure a low voltage only, so to measure the high voltage required voltage divider (either resistors or capacitors)

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switching power supply

C1, 2 : 100nF, 250VAC polypropylene (RS 190-8539)
C3 : 680uF, 450V electrolytic
C4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 : 470nF, 630V polypropylene
C12, 13 : 1uF, 50V ceramic multilayer (RS 126-067)
C14 : 3.3nF, 1.6kV polypropylene
C15, 16 : 10nF, 250VAC polypropylene (RS 190-8472)
C17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 : 1000uF, 25V low ESR electrolytic (RS 105-997)
C23, 24 : 2200uF, 16V low ESR electrolytic (RS105-947)
C25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 : 100nF, 50V ceramic
C31 : 470nF, 50V ceramic multilayer
C32 : 22uF, 50V electrolytic
C33 : 10uF, 50V electrolytic
C34 : 1uF, 50V electrolytic
C35 : 33nF, 50V polyester
C36 : 4.7nF, 50V polyester
C37 : 330nF, 50V polyester or ceramic multilayer
C38 : 100uF, 10V electrolytic
D1 : Rectifier bridge, 1kV, 8A. GBPC810 or similiar.
D2, 4, 17 : Ultrafast diode, 1kV, 1A. UF4007 or similiar. Lower
voltage (down to 100V) is acceptable.
D3, 5 : Ultrafast diode 1kV, 3A. UF5408 or similiar.
D6, 7, 8, 9 : Dual Schottky diode, 100V, 30A total. PBYR30100CT
or similiar. Single diode would also be suitable.
D10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18 : 1N4148 switching diode
FB1, 2 : Amidon FB-73-801 ferrite bead, slipped over wire.
FB3..14 : Amidon FB-73-2401 ferrite beads, slipped six each
over the two 13.8VDC output cables.
L1 : Common mode choke, 8mH each winding, 6A.
I used junk box specimen. RS 288-159 is suitable.
L2: : 20uH, 60A choke. 15 turns on Amidon T-157-26
toroid. Wound with ten #16 enameled wires
in parallel.
L3: : 5uH (uncritical), 60A choke. 10 turns on ferrite solenoid,
10mm diameter, 50mm long. Wound with two #11
wires in parallel.
LED1 : Dual LED, green-red, common cathode
M1 : 12V 5W brushless DC fan, 120 x 120 x 25mm
NTC1, 2 : Inrush current limiter, 2.5R cold resistance (RS 191-2005)
P1 : CEE-22 male connector with integrated fuse holder
and EMI filter, 250VAC, 6A, (RS 210-291)
Q1, 2 : High voltage switching transistor, BUH1215 or similiar.
Must resist at least 400Vceo , and maintain a
beta of over 12 at a current level of 8A. (RS 859-874)
Q3, 4 : BC639-16 transistor. Must resist 100V and 0.5A.
Q5 : BD683 darlington transistor
R1, 5 : 10R, 5W low inductance preferred
R2, 6 : 180kR, 0.5W carbon
R3, 7, 19 : 1R, 1W carbon
R4, 8 : 2,7kR, 0.25W carbon
R9 : 47R, 5W low inductance preferred (induktansi rendah)
R10, 11 : 1.8R, 2W low inductance preferred (induktansi rendah)
R12 : 180R, 0.5W carbon
R13 : 3.3kR, 0.25W carbon
R14 : 1.5kR, 0.5W carbon
R15, 16 : 3.9kR, 0.25W carbon
R17, 18, 32, 33, 36, 38 : 1kR, 0.25W carbon
R20 : 22R, 0.5W carbon
R21, 22, 23, 24 : 4.7kR, 0.25W carbon
R25, 27, 29 : 22kR, 0.25W carbon
R26 : 4.3kR, 0.25W carbon
R28 : 13kR, 0.25W carbon
R30 : 12kR, 0.25W carbon
R31 : 10kR, 0.25W carbon
R34 : 1MR, 0.25W carbon
R35, 37 : 27kR, 0.25W carbon
R39 : 33R, 2W carbon
SW1 : 2-pole power switch, 250VAC, 10A
T1 : Primary 15 turns, secondary 2+2 turns. Wound with
copper foil and mylar sheet. Uses four Amidon
EA-77-625 ferrite E-cores (8 halves). Equivalents
include Thomson GER42x21x15A, Phillips 768E608,
TDK EE42/42/15. See text for winding instructions.
T2 : Secondary is 100+100 turns #36 enamel wire. Primary
is one turn #15 plastic insulated cable, wound on
secondary. Wound on Amidon EE24-25-B bobbin. Uses an
Amidon EA-77-250 core. Equivalents are Thomson
GER25x10x6, Phillips 812E25Q, TDK EE25/19.
T3 : Control winding is 26+26 turns #27 enamel wire.
Base windings are 8 turns #20 each. Collector winding
is one turn #15 plastic insulated cable. Bobbin and
core like T2. See text.
U1 : Pulse width modulator IC, LM3524, SG3524, UC3524 or
similiar.
U2 : Quad single supply operational amplifier, LM324
or similar.
U3 : 5V voltage reference, LM336Z-5.0 or similiar.
VR1, 2, 3 : 1kR PCB mounted trimpot

Project design switching power supply has a very large power capability. This power supply produces 13.8V output, the continuous load currents up to 40A. If the potentiometers are set, then the power supply can deliver up to 60A .. Ripple voltage at the output is about 20mV, and its efficiency is 88%. A cooling fan operates depending on the time-average power used, and the LED indicator to tell if the voltage is normal, too high or too low. And Power Supply that has great power kamampuan is just a small form in the box that measures just 306 x 150 x 130mm, including all projections, and weighs only 2.8kg!

Description of Series
Line voltage through CEE-22 connector through the fuse and EMI filter (P1). Then passed through a 2-pole power switch, and again through the line filter to remove noise (C1, L1, C2). Two NTC resistors limit the inrush. A bridge rectifier provides power to large electrolytic capacitor (C3), who works at 300VDC. Power oscillator formed by Q1, Q2, and by beberaa other components, and feedback and control transformer (T3). T2 and related components act as the primary current sensors. T1 is the power transformer, providing about 20 Volt Schottky rectifier wave into the box (D6. 9). A toroidal inductor (L2) and six elekrtolit parallel capacitors provide a low resistance value equivalent forms of the main filter, while the L3 and C23 .. 24 is just there to reduce the additional riple. 13.8V is connected to the output through a series of ferrite beat with some small decoupling capacitors are mounted directly on the output terminals.
Control circuit is IC 3524 (U1), driven by the auxiliary rectifier (D17). This IC contains a voltage reference, oscillator, pulse width modulator (PWM), an error amplifier, current sense amplifier, flip-flop and the driver circuit. The sensor output voltage and current level sensors, through transistors Q3 and Q4 controls the power oscillator. C37, C35 and R23 are used to implement PID (proportional-integral-derivative) control loop response in full.
A quadruple operational amplifier (U2) is used for two purposes aids: To control the cooling fan according to the average level of current, voltage and LED indicators for steering three colors: green light if the voltage is OK, orange if the voltage is too low and the red if too high.

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TOSHIBA Bipolar

• TOSHIBA Bipolar Digital Integrated Circuit Silicon Monolithic
• General-Purpose Linear ICs
• 7-ch Darlington Sink Driver
• Darlington Drivers IC
• The ULN2004APG/AFWG Series are high−voltage, high−current darlington drivers comprised of seven NPN darlington pairs. All units feature integral clamp diodes for switching inductive loads. Applications include relay, hammer, lamp and display (LED) drivers. The suffix (G) appended to the part number represents a Lead (Pb)-Free product.
• Features: [1] Output current(single output): 500mA(max). [2] High sustaining voltage output: 50V(min). [3] Output clamp diodes. [4] Inputs compatible with various types of logic. [5] Package Type-APG: DIP-16pin. [6] Package Type-AFWG: SOL-16pin.
• Output Sustaining Voltage(VCE)(sus): 50V
• Output Current(Iout): 500mA
• Recommended Input Voltage: 6V to 15V
• Clamp Diode Reverse Voltage(VR): 50V
• Clamp Diode Forward Current(IF): 500mA
• Input Base Resistor: 10.5kΩ
• Number of Drivers / Receivers: 7 / 0
• Linear ICs Type: Darlington Transistor Array
• Number of Arrays: 7
• Transistor Polarity: NPN
• Input Compatibility: PMOS, CMOS
• Operating Temperature Range(Topr): -40°C to +85°C
• Storage Temperature Range(Tstg): -55°C to +150°C
• Brand Name: TOSHIBA
• Lead-Free Type
• RoHS Compliant
• Mounting Type: Through Hole / DIP(Dual in -line package)
• Package Type: DIP16
• Lead Count: 16
• Packing: 25 units / tube
• Mass stock on-hand merchandise supply
• We supply various electronic components and welcome your inquiries

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power supply outage

When the main power supply outage (PLN), the electricity supply required reserves and the conditions of the Generator-Set is expected to supply power mainly to priority loads. Generator can be used as a backup electrical system or "off-grid" (which depends on the resources the user needs). Generators are often used by hospitals and industries that require a steady source of power and reliable (high level of supply reliability), and also for rural areas that do not have access to commercially supplied electricity through the existing distribution network PLN.

A diesel engine generator set consists of:
1. Prime mover or mover first, in this case diesel engine (in English is called diesel engines)
2. Generator
3. AMF (Automatic Main Failure) and ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch)
4. Battery and Battery Charger
5. Panel ACOS (Automatic Change Over Switch)
6. Security for Equipment
7. Installing the Power Supplies

Diesel engine

Including diesel engines with internal combustion engines or motor fuel referred to, in terms of how to obtain thermal energy (heat energy). To generate electricity, a diesel engine connected to a generator in one axis (the axis of diesel engine is coupled with shaft generator).

An advantage of using diesel engines as a first mover:
* Design and installation is simple
* Auxilary equipment (auxiliary equipment) simple
* When loading a relatively short

Losses use diesel engines as early Mover:
* Weight machines are very heavy because it must be able to withstand vibration and high compression.
* Starting the initial weight, because the compression height is about 200 bar.
* The greater the power the diesel engine is the greater dimension, it causes trouble if the engine power is very large.
* Fuel consumption using fuel oil relatively more expensive compared to power plants that use fuels other types, such as gas and coal.

How it Works Diesel Engine

Prime mover or early mover is a device that functions produce mechanical energy required to rotate the generator rotor. In the diesel engine / diesel engine ignition occurs alone, because the process works based on pure compressed air in the cylinder at high pressure (± 30 atm), so that the temperature inside the cylinder rises. And at that time the fuel is sprayed in the cylinder-temperature and high pressure beyond the flash point fuel injected so that the fuel will burn automatically. The addition of heat or energy is always performed at a constant pressure.

Pressure of gases of combustion of fuel and air will push the piston which is connected to the crankshaft using a piston rod, so that the piston can move back and forth (reciprocating). Back and forth motion of the piston is converted into rotational motion by crank shaft (crank shaft). And contrary motion of the crankshaft rotational motion is also converted into alternating piston on the compression stroke.

Based on analyzing how the system works, diesel motors can be divided into two, namely diesel motors that use airless injection system (solid injection) were analyzed with a dual cycle and diesel motor that uses a water injection system is analyzed with the diesel cycle (while motor gasoline was analyzed by
otto cycle).

The difference between diesel and motor gasoline motor is noticeable is located on the fuel combustion process, the combustion of gasoline motor fuel is due to the fire jumps the electricity generated by two-electrode spark plug (spark plug), while the diesel engine combustion occurs due to a rise in temperature the mixture air and fuel due to compression of the piston until it reaches the flame temperature. Because the principle of pressure due to ignition of the fuel then the motor is also called a compression ignition diesel engine while the motor is called spark ignition gasoline engine.

In diesel engines, piston perform two short steps towards the cylinder head on every step of the power.
1. The first step upwards a step entry and exploitation, here the air and fuel into the crank shaft while spinning down.
2. The second step is a compression step, continue rotating the crankshaft causes the piston to rise and push the fuel, causing combustion. Both of these processes (1 and 2) including the combustion process.
3. The third step is a step expansion and work, here the two suction valves and exhaust valves are closed while the crankshaft continues to rotate and retract the piston downward.
4. The fourth step is the removal step, here the exhaust valve opens and causes the gas due to combustion of residual waste out. Gas can be due out in the fourth process is moving up the piston back up and cause the gas to exit. These two latter processes (3 and 4) including the disposal process.
5. After the fourth process, then the next process will repeat the first process, where air and fuel re-entry.

Based on the above process then the speed diesel engines can be classified into 3 parts, namely:
1. Low-speed diesel (<400 rpm) 2. Medium speed diesel (400 - 1000 rpm) 3. High speed diesel (> 1000 rpm)

Starting the system or process to turn on / run diesel engines are divided into three kinds of starting the system, namely:

1. Start System Manual
The system is used to start diesel engine with a relatively small engine power is <30 PK. The way to revive a diesel engine on this system is to use the drive crank start on the crankshaft or connecting shaft to be moved by human power. So start the system is highly dependent on human factors as the operator. 2. Electric Start System This system is used by diesel engines that have power are the <500 PK. This system uses a DC motor with power supplied by the battery / batteries 12 or 24 volts to start the diesel. At the start, the DC motor gets power supply from the battery or batteries and produces torque used to drive a diesel until it reaches a certain round. The battery or batteries used must be used to start the 6 times without recharged, since the required startup current DC motor is large enough so worn armature that serves as a DC generator. Recharging the battery or batteries used tool of a battery charger and belt tension. At the time diesel battery charger does not work then get a supply of electricity, while at work then the supply of diesel battery charger obtained from the generator. The function of the voltage security is to monitor the battery voltage or battery. Therefore, when the voltage of the battery or the battery has reached the 12/24 volts, which is the default voltage, then the relationship between the battery charger to the battery or batteries will be disconnected by a safety voltage. 3. Start the system Compression Start system is used by the diesel that has a great power that is> 500 PK. These systems use motors with high-pressure air to the start of the diesel engine. How it works is by storing a bottle of air into the air. Then the air is compressed so that the hot air and diesel fuel is inserted into the Fuel Injection Pump and sprayed through a nozzle at high pressure. The result will occur foggy and combustion in the combustion chamber. At the time the pressure in the tube down to the minimum limit, then the compressor will automatically raise the air pressure inside the tube until the pressure in the tube sufficient and ready for use to perform starting diesel engines.

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