Electronics

Senin, 28 Maret 2011

Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR)

Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) in principle have the same function as the generator Brushess Rectifier's just that the AVR is designed to be able to automatically regulate and control the supply voltage on exiter to add tension out on the main stator. AVR of generator functions to regulate, control and monitor the voltage coming out from the main stator based on the principle of feedback / feed back where the output is monitored to control the input so that a proper balance between voltage out to the voltage reference. so the voltage coming out of the generator is always constant with various levels of load.

WORK PROCESS FOR AVR VOLTAGE CONSTANT WORK WITH DIFFERENT LEVEL CHARGES
1. When generators are connected electrical load, the electric current will flow in the stator windings
and magnitude in accordance with the electrical load is connected.
2. With the current flowing in the winding with iron core, then the resulting line-style line
magnets in the stator surface.
3. Lines of magnetic force lines has properties opposite the line of magnetic lines of force
caused by the spinning rotor pole pole.
4. With this resistance from the rotor magnetic force is reduced, so that the voltage generated
by the stator windings is reduced.
5. Trends that will drop the voltage detected by sensing input of the AVR and
compared with the reference voltage that is set.
6. With a voltage drop is smaller then the comparison with the reference voltage
so as soon as possible with the current AVR provides additional boost exciter.
7. The increase in current in the stator exciter effect on the resulting voltage exciter rotor.
And the effect is also against the currents to the main rotor, until the magnetic field generated
also increases.
8. The addition of a line equivalent to lines of magnetic force lines of resistance lines of force generated
stator winding currents.
9. Thus terbangkit voltage magnitude will remain.
10. Vice versa, if there is penguranganan weights, resistance of magnetic force become
smaller and with this trend will grow because the line voltage lines of force in
excessive main rotor.
11. The trend increase in voltage is detected by sensing input of the AVR and comparable
with a reference voltage that is set.
12. With tension rising, the ratio of voltage to be larger than the voltage
reference, so as soon as possible AVR reduces the flow in the exciter stator windings with
reduce the voltage exsitasi.
13. This will reduce the current in main winding rotor, until the magnetic force field down
for resistance to fall.
14. It can be concluded that the AVR will be able to adjust automatically increase and decrease flow so that the voltage generated exsitasi will remain with the various levels
load.

Main function of the UPS

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS abbreviated) is a device that typically uses a battery backup as an alternative power ration, to May provide uninterrupted power supply for electronic devices attached. UPS is an electrical power supply system which is very important and necessary as well as serve as a fortress of power failure and damage to systems and hardware. UPS systems will become a very important and very necessary in many telecommunications service providers, information services, Internet service providers and more. Can imagine how big their losses related to power failure if the system is not protected by UPS.

description :
Transformer: Min 4 ampere or more
Diode|Dioda: Min 5 ampere or more
Irfz 44: Paste cooling plate

When normal PLN Electricity, of the adapter (the series of the most left) will produce voltage 12 - 13 volt / 5 ampaere. This voltage is used to fill mengoprasikan UPS batery and therefore this UPS if you plan to load a higher modifikasilah of this series that have a higher ampere. PLN electricity when dead, the source voltage in the switch to akan bateray

When electricity PLN suppressed, the source voltage will switch to the battery. ups that may be living longer while the power off, use battery who have ampere / hour high (large) or can also install some of the ways in parallel battery

UPS serves to ensure that electronic devices will still get power when a sudden flow of electricity to die. UPS will be automatically switched to the speed of 0.004 seconds of electric current to power the batteries, so that electronic devices remain lit.

UPS is a lot used primarily for electronic devices that need to be constantly on during the work, such as a PC (personal computer). The electric current sudden death also can result in damage to computer equipment. We know that PLN often conduct electrical current extinction without prior notice, or make cuts in business hours.

From the characteristic wave UPS can be divided into 2 parts, namely:

1. UPS Sin wave (sine) wave forms such as electricity PLN

2. UPS step-square/modified sinwave, square waveform

Main function of the UPS
1. Can provide temporary electrical energy when a power failure at the main power.
Provide adequate time opportunity to immediately turn on the main electricity generator as a substitute.
2. Provide adequate time opportunity to immediately back up your data and secure the [operating system] (OS) to perform shutdown procedures when the main power outages.
3. Securing computer systems from electrical disturbances that can disrupt a computer system in the form of damage to software, data or hardware damage.
4. UPS automatically to perform the stabilization voltage when the input voltage changes so that the output voltage used by the computer system in the form of the stable voltage.
5. UPS can do the diagnosis and management of his own making it easier for users to anticipate if there will be disruption to the system.
User friendly and easy in installation.
Users can control the UPS via a LAN network by adding a few accessories are required.
9. Can be integrated with the Internet network.
10. Notification in case of failure by setting the UPS management software.

Arduino Severino microcontroller electronics

Price original Arduino board is still fairly Italy relatively expensive for some people. But that does not mean it is a barrier to learning and trying to use the Arduino microcontroller electronics. If you can make their own PCBs, you can create single-side PCB Arduino using PCB design.

For those of you who have not used to making PCBs or did not get to make your own, we've provided a kit called Arduino Severino which can be purchased at our store. Severino is the Arduino board in the PCB single side which is relatively cheap manufacturing cost. Not using a USB interface and using an ATmega8 chip easily available in the market with cheaper prices than ATMega328. So the price of the kit Severino become cheaper than Arduino Duemilanove or Uno.

The position pin header on the Arduino Severino exactly as Duemilanove or Uno, which can be fitted Arduino shield in the market.

If you want to try Arduino with a lower cost, or require additional Arduino board and wanted to press charges, please try to board Severino.

Nova Power NiMH battery

Pilotage "Nova Power" NiMH battery packs are designed, selected, and assembled specifically to provide the highest level of reliability and power to your model. The battery cells in our Nova Power packs offer the optimal balance between high output power, weight, and long cycle life. A few of the outstanding features of our battery packs are:
Stable output voltage at high discharge rates
Low internal resistance, minimal cell heating while discharging
Excellent power supply for r/c models
Long cycle life

2/3A 4.8V Pilotage Nova Power1600mAh NiMH battery pack.

This battery pack is designed to supply stable power to the Rx for GP model aircraft. The pack is in stick shape with 4 2/3A cells in a row.

Prior to using this battery pack it is essential to fully charge

Attention: Note the polarity when connecting the battery pack to the Rx. Not following the proper polarity of connections risks damaging the electronic components of your Rx and/or creating a fire hazard.

Package contents: 1pc battery pack w/ wire and connector

Technical parameters:

Operating voltage, V: 4.8
Capacity, mAh: 1600
Number of cells, pcs: 4
Maximal charge current, A: 0.16
Length, mm: 67
Width, mm: 28
Height, mm: 17

Sabtu, 26 Maret 2011

Modulation Mode Operation

Modulation Mode Operation
Amateur radio operators have various modes for the two-way communication. Mode A refers to the way modulated signal during transmission. Frequently used is a form of modulation AM, FM, SSB, and digital. For the signal to be sent and received with easy to read it electronically modulated. Both transmitter and receiver must use the same form of modulation for communication to be successful. Each mode will be discussed below. Table mode which is preferred for voice communication gives some idea of what to expect when you use a certain band. Some modes such as the use Rtty LSB for all bands.

Preferred Mode

The following sound modes used by general agreement:
LSB 160, 80, 40 yards
USB 20, 17, 15, 12, 10 yards
FM 2, 1.25 m and 70 cm. Some USB is also used.

Each mode has its own unique characteristics. One is the amount of bandwidth occupied by the signal. CW is very narrow (less than 250 Hz) while the FM is rather wide (15-20 kHz). A narrow signal means there's room for more signals and thereby further activity on this band. On the other side of the narrow transmit the signal quality is less or information. CW requires the use of Morse code, while the results of high-quality FM signal for voice communication. In each of the following modes are used more briefly discussed.

CW (continuous wave)
Is a simple unmodulated signal unlike others who use some form of modulation. By interfering with the signal with the code, Morse key is sent. So Morse code is not the mode but as the name suggests, the code used to communicate with the control signal CW. Although it takes time and practice to become proficient with the code using the CW is one of the most reliable communication because generally can through the most difficult conditions in which other signals can not.

AM (Amplitude Modulation)
Is the initial mode that is used by hams for voice transmission. AM signal carrier (like CW), the upper and lower sidebands are modulated by varying the amplitude (strength) of the signal. Most of the short-wave broadcast stations use this method. If you tune to the BBC or some of these stations by using either USB or LSB on the receiver, you can hear the carrier as a continuous tone when you move slightly away from the center of the signal. If you listen to around the end of the 80 meter band you might find some ham by using this mode. But the PM to take double the bandwidth of SSB and therefore not widely used in Amateur radio.
SSB (single sideband)
Is a mode where carrier and one sideband of the AM mode has been suppressed. Whether using a USB (upper sideband) or LSB (lower sideband) is more than the signal sideband transmitter is to focus on the use compared to AM. As a result, the signal travels farther and is easier to copy in many adverse conditions. SSB is the telephone mode of choice for amateurs on HF bands.

FM (Frequency Modulation)
Is what you hear on 2 meters when using the phones and work through the repeater club. This is where the most ham mode begins. FM has exceptional quality for voice communication, and generally there is no noise or fading you hear on HF with SSB or CW. However, due to wide bandwidth requirements are usually limited to bands like 2m or 70cm where there is plenty of space. Some FM also can be heard at a distance of 10 meters about 29 MHz.

Digital Mode
Digital modes RTTY but has existed since the very outside of the computer generation. To simplify the use of digital modes-off in (binary 0-1) to send the information. CW is really a basic form of this, although enough. Most digital mode requires a computer that will be connected by radio to assist with sending and receiving data. Most also require a TNC (terminal node controller) with a chip that supports a particular mode. You send the tie on the keyboard and accept the view of information received on the screen. Some of the more popular digital modes are:
# RTTY - Radioteletype (RTTY) using baudot (5 bits per character) or ASCII code (7 bits per character) to communicate. RTTY is almost as reliable as CW and there are many hams who use this mode regularly on HF bands.
# Packet - use the full ASCII character set that allows both the upper and lower case characters in the transmission. The package is free from error achieved by sending data in a small package with little checks. If an error is detected by the receiving station requesting a reply and re-package. It repeated it takes to receive the package properly. When a good signal packets rarely needs to be sent two times but in bad conditions, send back an error packets to slow the exchange of information.
# Tor Mode - TOR means "teleprinting via radio." This mode includes AMTOR, PACTOR, G-TOR and Clover. Basically they all use some variation of the techniques mentioned in the package to ensure error-free transmission. Each uses a special algorithm to generate improved transmission speed and accuracy.
# PSK-31 - is a newcomer to the digital scene and is quickly becoming the primary digital mode. One of the reasons the appeal is that he uses the sound card in the computer to send and receive via radio. No other special equipment is required. PSK-31 uses a very small bandwidth, less than CW and can function well in low signal strength. Unlike the package and the TOR are not free from error.

Fast scan TV (FSTV) and slow scan TV (SSTV)
Mode is used to send pictures or photos via radio. SSTV is generally used on the HF bands and can only send still images because the data rate and low bandwidth. FSTV on the other hand is generally used in the UHF band and can send moving images. Recently, several manufacturers have produced HT handheld radio with built-in camera and screen for use in this mode.

IRLP (Internet Radio Linking Project)
Is a method for connecting the Internet with Amateur Radio. Usually the link is done through a local repeater so you can connect to someone with a handheld. Basically you register with the local repeater and enter the code to connect you to link the Internet. From there you are connected to other repeaters that are also on the Internet. So with your handheld you can take to ham thousands of miles away with the signal quality of local contacts. IRLP is the discovery of Canada by VE7LTD and use Voice over IP (VoIP) to immediately connect one or more repeaters around the world. Now with your basic licensing new radio amateurs were able to use HT to communicate across the world.

Baru! Klik kata di atas untuk melihat terjemahan alternatif. Singkirkan

Kamis, 24 Maret 2011

Electronic devices should be powered by direct current supply of DC

Electronic devices should be powered by direct current supply of DC (direct current) which is stable in order to work properly. The battery or batteries are the source of DC power supply is best. However, for applications that require a larger power supply, the source of the battery is not enough. A major source of power supply is the source of alternating AC (alternating current) from power plants. It required a power supply device that can convert AC current into DC. In this article presented the principles of the power supply circuit (power supply) linear ranging from the simplest rectifier circuit to the power supply was regulation.

Principle rectifier (rectifier) The simplest is shown in Figure-1 below. Transformer (T1) is required to lower the AC voltage from the grid at the primary coil becomes smaller AC voltage in secondary coil.

In this circuit, diode (D1) serves only to change from AC to DC and continue the positive voltage to the load R1. This is called half-wave rectifier (half wave). To obtain a full wave rectifier (full wave) is required transformer with center tap (CT)

Positive voltage of the first phase forwarded by D1, while the next phase which is passed through D2 to the load R1 with transformer CT as a common ground .. Thus the load R1 gets a full wave voltage supply such as the picture above. For some applications such as for example for downloading a small dc motor supply or dc incandescent lamp, the shape of this voltage is sufficient. Although the voltage ripple seen here from the second series of the above is still very large.

series of half-wave rectifier with filter capacitor C is parallel to the load R. Apparently with this filter discharge voltage waveform can be flat. Figure-4 shows the DC voltage output from circuit half-wave rectifier with capacitor filter. Bc line is approximately straight line with a certain slope, which in this state to the load current supplied by voltage capacitor R1. Actually the line bc is not a straight line but exponential in accordance with the nature of discharging the capacitor.

The slope of the curve bc depends on the large current (I) which flows to the load R. If the current I = 0 (no load) then the curve will form a horizontal line bc. However, if the load currents greater, the slope of the curve bc will be more sharp. The voltage that comes out will sawtooth-shaped with a large ripple voltage is:

Vr =-VL VM

and dc voltage to the load is Vdc = VM + Vr / 2

The rectifier is a good circuit has a ripple voltage (Vr) the smallest. VL is the voltage discharge or discharging the capacitor C, so it can be written:

VL = VM e -T/RC

If equation (3) disubsitusi to the formula (1), then diperole

Vr = VM (1 - e -T/RC)

If T <<> -T/RC  1 - T / RC

so if this disubsitusi to the formula (4) to obtain a simpler equation:

Vr = VM (T / RC)

VM / R is nothing but the burden of I, so that with this visible relationship between the load current I and the value of capacitor C to the ripple voltage Vr. This calculation is effective to obtain the desired ripple voltage value.

Vr = I T / C

This formula says, if I load the greater the flow, then the ripple voltage will be even greater. Conversely, if the greater the capacitance C, voltage ripple will be smaller. For simplification is usually considered T = Tp, ie a period of one sine wave from the grid of frequency 50Hz or 60Hz. If the grid frequency of 50Hz, then T = Tp = 1 / f = 1 / 50 = 0.02 sec. This applies to half-wave rectifier. For full wave rectifier, of course, the wave frequency doubled, so that T = 1 / 2 Tp = 0.01 sec.

Full wave rectifier with filter C can be created by adding a capacitor in the circuit of Figure 2. Can also use a transformer without CT, but by assembling the four diodes

For example, you design a full wave rectifier circuit of the power supply 220V/50Hz grid to supply the load of 0.5 A. What is the value capacitors that are necessary so that this circuit has a voltage ripple of no more than 0.75 Vpp. If the formula (7) are turned upside down then obtained.

C = I.T / Vr = (0.5) (0.01) / 0.75 = 6600 UF
For this size capacitor lots available elco type which has a maximum working voltage polarity and specific. Working voltage capacitors that are used must be greater than the output voltage power supply. You probably now understand why you created a series of audio buzzing, check back the power supply rectifier circuit that you created, if the voltage ripple is quite disturbing. If the market is not available such a large capacitor, certainly could with two or three pieces paralel capacitor

Selasa, 22 Maret 2011

The system starts working refrigerator compressor section as a heart refrigerator that serves as the driving force.

The system starts working refrigerator compressor section as a heart refrigerator that serves as the driving force. At the time of electricity, compressor motors will rotate and put pressure on the cooling material. Tangible coolant gas when pressurized gas will be pressurized and high temperature. With form like that, allowing refrigerant to flow into the condenser. At the point of condensation, the gas will condense and turn back into liquid form, high pressure liquid refrigerant will be pushed into the capillary tube. With so refrigerant will rise to the evaporator due to capillarity pressure which is owned by the capillary tube. While at the evaporator, the refrigerant liquid will evaporate and his form back into a gas that has a pressure and temperature is very low. As a result, air becomes trapped between the low-temperature evaporator and finally condensed into liquid form. On a recurring condition that allows air freezes into ice granules. It occurs in water bodies or deliberately placed in the evaporator. Compressor Compressor is an important part in the refrigerator. If the analogy with the human body, the same compressor with a functioning heart pumps blood around the body as well as the compressor. Coolant pump compressor to function throughout the refrigerator. Condenser Condenser heat exchanger is to change the coolant gas form at high temperature and pressure into liquid form. Type condensers are widely used in refrigerator technology today is the condenser with air conditioning. Refrigrasi system used on small or medium refrigerator. This condenser has a simple form and does not require special care. while working refrigerator condenser will feel warm when held. Filter Filter (filter) allows you to filter impurities that may carry the flow of coolant comes out after doing circulation so as not to get into compressor and capillary tube. In addition, cooling the material to be distributed at the next process is cleaner so it can absorb more heat maximum. Evaporator Evaporator serves to absorb heat from objects in the insert into the fridge, then the evaporator evaporative cooling material to resist heat and cool. Appropriate function is a vaporizer evaporator cooling material to be effective in absorbing heat and vaporize the coolant, the evaporator is made from non corrosive metal, namely copper and aluminum. Thermostat Thermostat has a lot of designation include temperature control and cool control. Whatever the name, set the thermostat to function automatically bedasarkan compressor temperature limits on each part of the refrigerator. That said, the thermostat is the switch automatically based on temperature settings. If suhau evaperator according to the temperature control thermostat, the thermostat will terminate automatically power to the compressor. Heater Nearly overall nofrost and a small refrigerator defrost refrigerator equipped with a heater (heater). Heating serves ice melt rates contained in evapurator. other than that heating could prevent the occurrence of frost accumulation on the ice shelf and rack storage of fruit under the ice shelf. Fan motor fan motor or fan is useful to expel wind. in the refrigerator there are two types of fan 1. Functioning evaporator fan motor blowing cold air from the evaporator throughout the shelf (shelf ice, vegetables, and fruit). 2. fan condenser fan motor is placed at the bottom of the refrigerator that has a small condenser which serves to suck or push air through the condenser and compressor. besides that cools the compressor. Overload motor protector is a safety component that is located together with a compressor terminal. How it works similar to a fuse that can connect and disconnect the electrical current. This tool can protect electrical components from damage due to current flow generated reference currents exceeding normal compressor. Cooling Materials (Refrigerant) Refrigerant is a substance that easily changed its form from gas to liquid, or vice versa. Type of coolant is very diverse. Each type of cooling materials have different characteristics.

When filling the freon refrigerator is not the same in filling freon air conditioner, when filling Freon refrigerator in need of precision and caution as the system kulkas have a smaller capillary tube capillary tube size from the AC when wrong in charging freon refrigerator can cause impasse freon in refrigerator pipes. nah how to charge freon in refrigerators according to the usual procedure in doing handyman service refrigerator.

Tool in the tool needed to fill freon refrigerator

1. Prepare a refrigerator freon R-134a or MC 134 (product musicool)
2. Manifold gauge
3. Vacuum Machines
4. Methyl (refrigerator cleaning fluid)
5. Welding Machine / hicook tube
6. Tang Ampere

Equipment to fill freon refrigerator is ready to live the practice ...

1. Attach the yellow hose on the engine manifold vacuum and hose on the valve manifold blue refrigerator compressor. "compressor that will fill the vacuum freon must advance to get maximum results in its cooling process because if not the first vacuum fridge can not cool and the compressor will quickly heat, do refrigerator compressors as well as the way vakum AC compressor"

2. After the vacuum process is finished at +30 minutes and the compressor on the meter pointer points below 0 psi /-30psi compressor is ready on the content of freon refrigerator, attach the hose to the valve manifold blue filling freon compressor * pipe * and yellow hose on the tube refrigerator freon .

3. Please note when filling freon refrigerator should not be too open manifold valve full open slowly and little by little * * Open and close valves should not exceed 10 psi.

4. At filling walking while in the check on the refrigerator body feel its warmth on the side of the refrigerator, when the fridge is too hot not to continue filling in the "STOP", please check back lane capillary tube and strainer. When the refrigerator side warm lukewarm freon CONTINUE content, refrigerator warm on the outside indicates normal circulation of freon in refrigerators.

5. Pairs of pliers on the cable compressor ampere meter to see him adjust amperage ampere meter as shown behind the fridge (name plate) amperage refrigerator is usually 0.5 to 0.9 amps depending on the size refrigerator. when amperage compressor had crossed the line standard means the compressor is weak.

6. When Freon refrigerator has reached 10psi pressure measuring devices * Freon * taps on the jar lid refrigerator and freon manifold gauge valves. To ascertain whether this freon fill successfully turn off the refrigerator first and notice the needle on the gauge manifold.

7. Manifold gauge needle at the time of the refrigerator in turn appoint the number at 50 psi to 100 psi., mean circulation freon goes well but when the needle on the manifold does not change (remain in the 10 psi) means that circulation is not normal freon, freon discard it and do again from scratch.
8. After the refrigerator on and turn off the freon pressure in normal view on the manifold gauge restart the refrigerator, but remember, after 5 to 10 minutes of new refrigerators are allowed in turn. * the standard rules of the refrigerator compressor manufacturers *

Before the refrigerator in the content of freon do first flushing afterwards in vacuum and in information content freo new, currently charging freon refrigerator in need patience and rilex while shipon coffee and enjoy a meal in the present owner of the refrigerator.